Introduction of psychological skills laboratory in medical education.

Depression and anxiety are common psychological issues among university students, yet many of them hesitate to seek professional help due to stigma. Unfortunately, university curricula often lack self-help strategies to manage these challenges and provide timely support to those in need. To address this gap, we introduced the Psychological Skills Lab (PSL) component in the undergraduate medical curriculum, which emphasizes experiential learning to promote self-determination and autonomy in health promotion. The lab allows active interaction among students, lecturers, and peers through activities like presentations, peer reviews, in session practice, gratitude journals, group discussions, and role plays. PSL helps students develop skills, empathy, mindfulness, and self compassion through regular interactions. This innovative teaching approach raises mental health awareness and empowers students to assist others when required. Thus, by incorporating self-help measures into the curriculum, students are better equipped to manage their emotional well-being while supporting those around them.

Production of hydrogen and methane from wastewater sludge using anaerobic fermentation.

The hydrogen and methane were produced from wastewater sludge using a Clostridium strain. The original sludge and the pre-treated (acidified, sterilized, freeze/thawed, and sonicated) sludges were tested. Some pre-treatment could enhance hydrogen yield, and the other tests could enhance methane yield. Hydrogen yield followed freeze/thawed>acidified>sterilized>original sludge>sonicated; while methane yield followed sonicated>freeze/thawed>sterilized>acidified>original sludge. The production and consumption of acetate correlated closely with the trends in both yields.

Migrating from target-controlled infusion to closed-loop control in general anaesthesia.

The target-controlled infusion (TCI) technique has been successfully and commercially used in clinical general anaesthesia with the intravenous anaesthetic agent propofol. The technique is based on a population pharmacokinetic model and is an open-loop control system. Closed-loop control requires a reliable and consistent signal for feedback utilisation. With all anaesthetic agents the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) have been shown to give increased latency as anaesthetic depth is increased. Using infusion rate and SEP response data from rats anaesthetised with propofol a mathematical model was derived to describe the anaesthetic process. This model was used as a design reference to develop a proportional integral (PI) closed-loop control system using SEP as the feedback measure. A serials of 10 trials were conducted to investigate the difference between continuous bolus injection and infusion, all under closed-loop control. The trials showed that the use of SEPs in closed-loop control of anaesthesia is feasible.

Neuronal network modelling of the effects of anaesthetic agents on somatosensory pathways.

The whole question of consciousness, awareness and depth of anaesthesia is both timely, little understood and deeply challenging. Models of the underlying neural pathway mechanisms/dynamics are necessary for understanding the interactions involved and their structure and function. A neuronal network of the somatosensory pathways is proposed in this paper based on experimental information and physiological investigation into anaesthesia. Existing mathematical neuronal models from the literature have been modified and then employed to describe the dynamics of the proposed pathway network. Effects of anaesthetic agents on the cortex were simulated in the model which describes the evoked cortical responses. By comparison with responses from anaesthetised rats, the model's responses are able to describe the dynamics of typical responses. Thus, the proposed model promises to be valuable for investigating the mechanisms of anaesthesia on the cortex and the effects of brain lesions.

Somatosensory evoked potentials for closed-loop control of anaesthetic depth using propofol in the urethane-anaesthetized rat.

Primary somatosensory cortical mass responses have been shown to exhibit dose-dependent changes in latency when general anaesthetics are administered. Here we describe a system in which the latency of evoked responses was measured automatically in real time in five animals. Latency changes were used to operate a closed-loop control of propofol delivery by intravenous infusion. The system attempted to induce and maintain a 1 ms increase in evoked response latency; this was reversed when infusion was discontinued. Allowing for the rapid and large biological fluctuations in the evoked response, this was achieved successfully. The system maintained a mean increase in latency of 1.27 (SD 0.42) ms. The mean statistical dispersion index of data obtained during the controlled period was 1.23 (0.3); in an ideal controllable system it approximates to 1. Such a system may provide a means for the automatic delivery of anaesthetics.

Estimation of latency changes and relative amplitudes in somatosensory evoked potentials using wavelets and regression.

Changes in onset latency and relative amplitudes of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) may be a convenient and reliable neurophysiological indicator of depth of anesthesia. However, to derive the components is very difficult mathematically and visual inspection or alternatively the peak-latency estimation is usually employed. A methodology for estimating the components was developed for both real-time and off-line applications based on the combination of the wavelet transforms (WT), geometric analysis, artificial intelligence (AI), and mathematical analysis of the first positive wave of SEPs. The WT together with AI constitutes a feature extraction engine for localizing the first positive peak and negative valley and hence relative amplitudes. The latency change between two averages is obtained by shifting one average toward another to achieve a best match along the positive inflections. The inflection, based on the peak, is modeled as a regression line and is refined using a steepness inference algorithm. Results from simulation and anesthetized rats show that it is reliable in comparison with visual inspection, robust to amplitude variation and signal distortion, and efficient in computation, and hence it is suitable for automation. Comparisons of interobserver variability and analysis of method agreement suggest that the method can be used as a substitute for estimations by visual inspection.

Magnocellular pathway for rotation invariant Neocognitron.

In the mammalian visual system, magnocellular pathway and parvocellular pathway cooperatively process visual information in parallel. The magnocellular pathway is more global and less particular about the details while the parvocellular pathway recognizes objects based on the local features. In many aspects, Neocognitron may be regarded as the artificial analogue of the parvocellular pathway. It is interesting then to model the magnocellular pathway. In order to achieve "rotation invariance" for Neocognitron, we propose a neural network model after the magnocellular pathway and expand its roles to include surmising the orientation of the input pattern prior to recognition. With the incorporation of the magnocellular pathway, a basic shift in the original paradigm has taken place. A pattern is now said to be recognized when and only when one of the winners of the magnocellular pathway is validified by the parvocellular pathway. We have implemented the magnocellular pathway coupled with Neocognitron parallel on transputers; our simulation programme is now able to recognize numerals in arbitrary orientation.