Tuning the work function of nickel oxide using triethoxysilane functionalized monolayers.

The work function of nickel oxide (NiOx) electrodes was tuned by the covalent attachment of commercially available as well as specially synthesized triethoxysilane functionalized molecules with a range of dipole moments. The presence of the silane molecular layers on the NiOx surface was verified using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. While these tests indicated the surface coverage was incomplete, Kelvin probe measurements showed that the coverage was sufficient to change the work function of the NiOx across a range of ∼900 meV. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the dipole moments of the isolated molecules correlated well with the measured work function changes.

Highly Soluble p-Terphenyl and Fluorene Derivatives as Efficient Dopants in Plastic Scintillators for Sensitive Nuclear Material Detection.

Plastic scintillators are commonly used as first-line detectors for special nuclear materials. Current state-of-the-art plastic scintillators based on poly(vinyltoluene) (PVT) matrices containing high loadings (>15.0 wt %) of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) offer neutron signal discrimination in gamma radiation background (termed pulse shape discrimination, PSD), however, they suffer from poor mechanical properties. In this work, a series of p-terphenyl and fluorene derivatives were synthesized and tested as dopants in PVT based plastic scintillators as possible alternatives to PPO to address the mechanical property issue and to study the PSD mechanism. The derivatives were synthesized from low cost starting materials in high yields using simple chemistry. The photophysical and thermal properties were investigated for their influence on radiation sensitivity/detection performance, and mechanical stability. A direct correlation was found between the melting point of the dopants and the subsequent mechanical properties of the PVT based plastic scintillators. For example, select fluorene derivatives used as dopants produced scintillator samples with mechanical properties exceeding those of the commercial PPO-based scintillators while producing acceptable PSD capabilities. The physical properties of the synthesized dopants were also investigated to examine their effect on the final scintillator samples. Planar derivatives of fluorene were found to be highly soluble in PVT matrices with little to no aggregation induced effects.

Covalent Surface Modification of Gallium Arsenide Photocathodes for Water Splitting in Highly Acidic Electrolyte.

Efficient water splitting using light as the only energy input requires stable semiconductor electrodes with favorable energetics for the water-oxidation and proton-reduction reactions. Strategies to tune electrode potentials using molecular dipoles adsorbed to the semiconductor surface have been pursued for decades but are often based on weak interactions and quickly react to desorb the molecule under conditions relevant to sustained photoelectrolysis. Here, we show that covalent attachment of fluorinated, aromatic molecules to p-GaAs(1 0 0) surfaces can be employed to tune the photocurrent onset potentials of p-GaAs(1 0 0) photocathodes and reduce the external energy required for water splitting. Results indicate that initial photocurrent onset potentials can be shifted by nearly 150 mV in pH -0.5 electrolyte under 1 Sun (1000 W m-2 ) illumination resulting from the covalently bound surface dipole. Though X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that the covalent molecular dipole attachment is not robust under extended 50 h photoelectrolysis, the modified surface delays arsenic oxide formation that results in a p-GaAs(1 0 0) photoelectrode operating at a sustained photocurrent density of -20.5 mA cm-2 within -0.5 V of the reversible hydrogen electrode.

Hydrophobic Organic Hole Transporters for Improved Moisture Resistance in Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells.

Solar cells based on organic-inorganic perovskite semiconductor materials have recently made rapid improvements in performance, with the best cells performing at over 20% efficiency. With such rapid progress, questions such as cost and solar cell stability are becoming increasingly important to address if this new technology is to reach commercial deployment. The moisture sensitivity of commonly used organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites has especially raised concerns. Here, we demonstrate that the hygroscopic lithium salt commonly used as a dopant for the hole transport material in perovskite solar cells makes the top layer of the devices hydrophilic and causes the solar cells to rapidly degrade in the presence of moisture. By using novel, low cost, and hydrophobic hole transporters in conjunction with a doping method incorporating a preoxidized salt of the respective hole transporters, we are able to prepare efficient perovskite solar cells with greatly enhanced water resistance.

Carpenter's Rule Folding in Rigid-Flexible Block Copolymers with Conjugation-Interrupting, Flexible Tethers Between Oligophenylenevinylenes.

Rigid-flexible segmented block copolymers were synthesized and characterized as 4.5-oligophenylenevinylene chromophores tethered by flexible, conjugation-interrupting 1,2-ethanedioxy or 1,4-butanedioxy units. The flexible tethers allow the possibility of collapsed order chromophore assemblies within individual polymers by chain folding at specific sites much like an old fashioned, folding carpenter's rule. Our results indicate that using a short, flexible tether in a rigid-flexible segmented copolymer can result in collapsed rodlike structures as signaled by strongly quenched photoluminescence, even after thermal annealing. Such ability to "program" folding and tertiary structure in conjugated copolymers is important for solid-state organic light emitting materials and understanding of organic chromophore self-assembly.

Engineering frontier energy levels in donor-acceptor fluoren-9-ylidene malononitriles versus fluorenones.

Donor-acceptor molecules incorporating fluoren-9-ylidene malononitrile acceptor units conjugated to trimethoxystyrene and/or diarylamine donor units were synthesized, and their electronic spectral properties and electrochemical behaviors were evaluated by comparison to those of the analogous fluorenones. Frontier energy level and optical transition energy trends are explained based on a quantitative, modular donor-acceptor interaction model. A connectivity effect on absorption transition moment strength is also described.