Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Salmonella Infections , Salmonella , Spain/epidemiology , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Salmonella/drug effects , Salmonella/genetics , Salmonella Infections/microbiology , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Serogroup , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Female , Male , Adolescent , Child , Adult , Child, Preschool , Aged , Middle AgedSubject(s)
Actinomycetaceae , Actinomycetales Infections/therapy , Cross Infection/therapy , Actinomycetales Infections/diagnosis , Actinomycetales Infections/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Cross Infection/diagnosis , Cross Infection/microbiology , Hospitals, General , Hospitals, University , HumansSubject(s)
HIV Infections/virology , Hepatitis C/virology , Pre-Analytical Phase , Viral Load/methods , HIV , Hepacivirus , Humans , RNA, Viral/analysis , Serology/methodsABSTRACT
Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer el porcentaje de la infección por rotavirus en niños menores de 14 años y su epidemiología en el área 02 de la provincia de Castellón. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo desde enero de 1995 hasta diciembre de 2004 en el que se analizaron 14.068 muestras de heces de pacientes pediátricos con gastroenteritis aguda. Las variables analizadas fueron: sexo, edad, procedencia, diagnóstico de rotavirus y fecha de diagnóstico. Se consideraron valores significativos p < 0,05. Resultados. El rotavirus fue detectado en el 11,9 % (1.687 casos) en los 10 años del estudio; el 12,14 % en varones y el 11,81 % en mujeres (p = 0,5459). La edad media de la población del estudio fue de 2,63 años. El grupo que presentó el mayor porcentaje de casos fue el de 1 a 4 años con el 14,1 % (p < 0,001) y pacientes ambulatorios con el 12,76 % (p < 0,05). En nuestra área, el rotavirus predomina significativamente (p < 0,001) en los meses de invierno. Conclusión. El rotavirus es una de las causas más importantes de morbilidad en la edad pediátrica en el hospital y en el ambulatorio. Afecta más frecuentemente a los niños menores de 4 años, y principalmente a los de 1 año. La infección se presentó de forma predominante en el invierno
Objective. To determine the percentage of rotavirus infection in children aged less than 14 years old and the epidemiology in area 02 of the province of Castellón (Spain). Material and methods. We performed a retrospective study from January 1995 to December 2004 in which 14,068 stool samples from pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis were analyzed. The variables analyzed were sex, age, origin, diagnosis of rotavirus, and date of diagnosis. Differences were considered statistically significant if p < 0.05. Results. Rotavirus was detected in 11.9 % of the samples (1687 cases) in the 10 years of the study, 12.14 % corresponded to boys and 11.81 % to girls (p = 0.5459). The mean age of the population was 2.63 years. The highest percentage of cases occurred in the group aged 1- 4 years old (14.1 %; p < 0.001) and in outpatients (12.76 %; p < 0.05). In this geographical region, there was a significant tendency (p < 0.001) for rotavirus to occur in the winter months. Conclusion. Rotavirus is one of the main causes of morbidity in children both in the hospital and the outpatient setting. Children aged less than 4 years old are most frequently affected, especially those aged 1 year. The infection appears mainly in winter
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Humans , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Gastroenteritis/epidemiology , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Rotavirus/pathogenicity , Seasons , Sex Distribution , Age DistributionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sporadic cases of diarrhea in preschool children are highly frequent, especially those caused by rotavirus, Campylobacter and Salmonella. The aim of this study was to identify some of the factors associated with these processes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control study of hospitalized incident cases aged less than 3 years old was performed. Questionnaires were administered at admission, before the results of stool tests were known. Susceptibility, food exposure, and environmental factors were investigated. Infants aged less than 1 year were analyzed separately. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients (rotavirus in 31, Campylobacter in 228 and Salmonella in 21, negative results in 37) and 84 controls were studied. Several protective factors, such as breast feeding and prior antibiotic use, were identified. Risk factors for diarrhea were exposure to meat products (eating or environmental exposure in the kitchen), some kinds of pets, and attendance at day care. Differences were found by etiology and age. In the culture-negative group, no risk factors were identified. CONCLUSION: The problems posed by epidemiological study of this issue are discussed. The main findings in each group of cases are interpreted and proposals are made for their application in the control and prevention of these diseases.
Subject(s)
Campylobacter Infections/microbiology , Dysentery/microbiology , Rotavirus Infections/virology , Salmonella Infections/microbiology , Campylobacter Infections/epidemiology , Child, Preschool , Dysentery/epidemiology , Dysentery/virology , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Risk Factors , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Salmonella Infections/epidemiology , Spain/epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Los casos esporádicos de diarrea en niños pequeños son muy frecuentes, sobre todo por rotavirus, Campylobacter y Salmonella. Se pretende identificar los factores asociados con estos procesos. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles. Casos de diarrea hospitalizados menores de 3 años. Entrevista realizada inmediatamente al ingreso, antes de conocer el resultado del coprocultivo. Se investigaron factores de susceptibilidad, de alimentación y ambientales. Se ha distinguido en niños mayores y menores de 1 año. Resultados: Un total de 117 pacientes (rotavirus, 31; Campylobacter, 28; Salmonella, 21; negativos, 37) y 84 controles. Se identificaron varios factores protectores como lactancia materna y toma previa de antibiótico. Factores de riesgo relacionados como la exposición a productos cárnicos (por ingesta o ambiental en la cocina), a algunos animales domésticos o asistencia a guarderías. Hubo diferencias por tipo de germen y por grupo de edad. En el grupo de pacientes con el coprocultivo negativo no se identificaron factores de riesgo. Conclusión: Se discuten las dificultades que plantea el estudio epidemiológico de este tipo de casos. Se interpretan los hallazgos por grupos de microorganismos, por grupo de edad, y se plantea su aplicación en el control y prevención de estos procesos
Background: Sporadic cases of diarrhea in preschool children are highly frequent, especially those caused by rotavirus, Campylobacter and Salmonella. The aim of this study was to identify some of the factors associated with these processes. Material and methods: A case-control study of hospitalized incident cases aged less than 3 years old was performed. Questionnaires were administered at admission, before the results of stool tests were known. Susceptibility, food exposure, and environmental factors were investigated. Infants aged less than 1 year were analyzed separately. Results: A total of 117 patients (rotavirus in 31, Campylobacter in 228 and Salmonella in 21, negative results in 37) and 84 controls were studied. Several protective factors, such as breast feeding and prior antibiotic use, were identified. Risk factors for diarrhea were exposure to meat products (eating or environmental exposure in the kitchen), some kinds of pets, and attendance at day care. Differences were found by etiology and age. In the culture-negative group, no risk factors were identified. Conclusion: The problems posed by epidemiological study of this issue are discussed. The main findings in each group of cases are interpreted and proposals are made for their application in the control and prevention of these diseases
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Risk Factors , Diarrhea/diagnosis , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Campylobacter/isolation & purification , Campylobacter Infections/complications , Campylobacter Infections/diagnosis , Rotavirus Infections/epidemiology , Rotavirus/isolation & purification , Salmonella/isolation & purification , Surveys and Questionnaires , Food Handling/methods , Diarrhea/complications , Food Handling/statistics & numerical data , Food Handling/standardsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To appraise the efficacy of hygienic standards in preventing the contamination of urine samples. DESIGN: Randomised clinical trial. 515 women assigned at random: 279 to the Intervention group and 236 to Control. SETTING: Population registered with 4 doctors at 2 health centres. PARTICIPANTS: Women from 15 to 65 who attended the clinic for on-demand care. Criteria for exclusion from the trial were: permanent bladder catheter, anomalies in genito-urinary apparatus, antibiotic treatment in the 7 previous days and inability to understand instructions. INTERVENTION: Verbal instructions on hygienic standards for collecting the sample and explanatory leaflet, as against the customary guidelines. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The main result was the combination of contamination levels and infection. Analysis by intention to treat. RESULTS: Irregularities in the urine culture in 113 (41%) patients from the Intervention group and in 133 (56%) from the Control group (P<.001), with RRR of 28% (95% CI, 14%-40%) and NNT of 6 (95% CI, 4-14). Taking only serious contamination or urinary infection, we had 14 in the Intervention group and 36 in the Control (P<.0001), with RRR of 67% (95% CI, 41%-82%) and NNT of 10 (95% CI, 6-20). CONCLUSIONS: Providing an explanatory leaflet and giving verbal instructions on hygienic standards for urine collection reduces contamination of the samples.
