Self-concept and body image of Turkish high school male athletes and nonathletes.

This study was conducted to determine the differences in self-concept and body image satisfaction and the relation between self-concept and body image among 174 Turkish high school male athletes and 174 nonathletes. The subjects were randomly selected from public high schools which represent middle socioeconomic status in Ankara. The Harter Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents and Berscheid, Walster, and Bohrnstedt's Body Image Questionnaire were administered to all participants. Significant differences were found in social acceptance, athletic competence, and physical appearance subscales of self-concept (p < .05), as well as in mean body image satisfaction among both groups (p < .05). There were also significant correlations between subscales of self-concept and body image for athletes and nonathletes.

The effects of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate on 600 m running time of trained females.

The effects of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate ingestion on 600 m running performance were assessed in 11 female track athletes and four trained female non-athletes. The subjects ingested either sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), sodium citrate or placebo approximately 2.5 hrs prior to the test runs in doses of 0.3 g/kg body weight in a double blind cross over design. Prior to and after exercise NaHCO3, H+, and lactate (HLa) concentrations were measured and running times were recorded. Pre- and post-experiment baseline testings were also performed. Data analysis was conducted using a Manova Repeated Measures design and dependent "t"-test. Although differences in running times were found 121.5 s, 119.9 s, 120.4 s in bicarbonate, citrate and placebo treatments respectively, they were not significant. The pH and concentrations of NaHCO3 were significantly elevated prior to and after the exercise when alkalinizing agents were ingested (p < 0.001). In bicarbonate treatment, prior to exercise pH was 7.40 and [NaHCO3] was 28.4 mEq/l, and after the exercise pH was 7.14 and [NaHCO3] was 17.9 mEq/l. In citrate treatment, prior to exercise pH was 7.40 and [NaHCO3] was 27.1 mEq/l, and after the exercise pH was 7.13 and [NaHCO3] was 16.6 mEq/l. There were no significant differences among the pre-exercise (2.3 mmol/l, 2.1 mmol/l, 2.2 mmol/l in bicarbonate, citrate and placebo treatments respectively) and after-exercise (11.8 mmol/l, 11.9 mmol/l, 11.0 mmol/l bicarbonate, citrate and placebo, respectively) HLa concentrations. This study demonstrated that, although alkali ingestion resulted in significant shifts in the blood acid-base balance, it failed to affect the 600 m running performance.