ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although cardiopulmonary exercise (CPX) testing in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction is well established, there are limited data on the value of CPX variables in patients with HF and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We sought to determine the prognostic value of select CPX measures in patients with HFpEF. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of patients with HFpEF (ejection fraction ≥ 50%) who performed a CPX test between 1997 and 2010. Selected CPX variables included peak oxygen uptake (VO2), percent predicted maximum oxygen uptake (ppMVO2), minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production slope (VE/VCO2 slope) and exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV). Separate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between each CPX variable and a composite outcome of all-cause mortality or cardiac transplant. RESULTS: We identified 173 HFpEF patients (45% women, 58% non-white, age 54 ± 14 years) with complete CPX data. During a median follow-up of 5.2 years, there were 42 deaths and 5 cardiac transplants. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year cumulative event-free survival was 96%, 90%, and 82%, respectively. Based on the Wald statistic from the Cox regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and ß-blockade therapy, ppMVO2 was the strongest predictor of the end point (Wald χ(2) = 15.0, hazard ratio per 10%, P < .001), followed by peak VO2 (Wald χ(2) = 11.8, P = .001). VE/VCO2 slope (Wald χ(2)= 0.4, P = .54) and EOV (Wald χ(2) = 0.15, P = .70) had no significant association to the composite outcome. CONCLUSION: These data support the prognostic utility of peak VO2 and ppMVO2 in patients with HFpEF. Additional studies are needed to define optimal cut points to identify low- and high-risk patients.
Subject(s)
Exercise Test/trends , Heart Failure/diagnosis , Stroke Volume/physiology , Cardiac Catheterization , Disease Progression , Disease-Free Survival , Echocardiography , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Heart Failure/mortality , Heart Failure/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardial Perfusion Imaging , Prognosis , Reproducibility of Results , Retrospective Studies , Severity of Illness Index , Survival Rate/trends , Time Factors , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The American College of Sports Medicine currently recommends the HR reserve (HRR) method to guide exercise in individuals who have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. This recommendation is based on the known association between %HRR and percentage of VËO2 reserve (%VËO2R) in this population. However, to our knowledge, no studies exist regarding this relation in individuals with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). PURPOSE: This article aimed to describe the relation between VËO2 and surrogate markers of exercise intensity among patients with LVAD. METHODS: Patients with continuous-flow LVAD (n = 24, seven females) completed a symptom-limited graded exercise test on a treadmill. HR and VËO2 were measured continuously and averaged every 20 s. Regression equations were determined using a generalized estimating equation to predict %VËO2R from %HRR, Borg RPE, and LVAD flow, overall and stratified by presence of pacing. RESULTS: Although the association between %HRR and %VËO2R was good (R = 0.75), the slope and y-intercept for %HRR versus %VËO2R was different from the line of identity (P = 0.002). However, when paced subjects were excluded (n = 8) from the analysis, there was no significant difference between the slope and y-intercept (= 0.036 + 0.937 × %HRR; SEE, 2%; P = 0.052). RPE showed a strong association with %VËO2R (R = 0.84), whereas LVAD flow showed a weak (albeit statistically significant) association (R = 0.05). Both had slopes and y-intercepts that were different from the line of identity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with LVAD who are not paced during exercise, the use of %HRR is a good predictor of %VËO2R. However, for patients in this population who are also paced during exercise, RPE is a suitable surrogate measure of exercise intensity.
