Physics and chemistry of the influence of excited molecules on combustion enhancement.

The paper addresses detailed analysis of kinetic processes in the H(2)-O(2), CO-O(2) and CH(4)-O(2)-reactive systems upon the presence of singlet oxygen molecules O(2)(a(1)Δg) and [Formula: see text] and the influence of the activation of oxygen molecules in electric discharge on the acceleration of ignition in the H(2)-O(2) and CH(4)-O(2) mixtures. The possibility of the intensification of CO oxidation due to excitation of O(2) and N(2) molecule vibrations and generation of singlet oxygen molecules is also considered. It is shown that the effect of accelerating the ignition strongly depends on the reduced electric field and, as a consequence, on the composition of discharge plasma as well as on the features of chain mechanism development in oxy-fuel systems. It is revealed that the most effective approach for the intensification of CO oxidation both in the moist air and in the products of hydrocarbon combustion in air is the generation of O(2)(a(1)Δg) molecules by electric discharge. Computations showed that the presence of 1% O(2)(a(1)Δg) in the total oxygen allowed one to convert CO to CO(2) even at the temperature T=850-900 K in the time of 10(-2) s. The excitation of O(2) and N(2) molecule vibrations is less effective for such a conversion.

[The cytochemical marking of lymphocyte subpopulations in determining the immunoreactivity status of children vaccinated with a live measles vaccine]. / Tsitokhimicheskaia markirovka subpopuliatsii limfotsitov pri opredelenii sostoianiia immunoreaktivnosti u detei, vaktsinirovannykh zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi.

In 54 children aged 1.5-2 years, immunized with the same batch of live measles vaccine prepared from strain, the relative and absolute numbers of different lymphocyte subpopulations were determined in parallel by means of two cytochemical reactions: for acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase in their dynamics. According to the data obtained in these reactions, the determination of lymphocyte subpopulations by two cytochemical methods in the same blood sample yielded similar results indicating that immunization with attenuated measles virus strain induced a rise in the number or zero lymphocytes and was accompanied by the decrease of the immunoregulatory index (T-helper/T-suppressor ratio), most pronounced in children with a high level of antibody formation.

[The dynamics of the T-lymphocyte subpopulations and the peroxidase activity of the neutrophils in children immunized with a live mumps vaccine]. / Dinamika subpopuliatsii T-limfotsitov i aktivnost' peroksidazy neitrofilov u detei, immunizirovannykh zhivoi parotitnoi vaktsinoi.

The amount of T-helpers and T-suppressors and the T-helper/T-suppressor ratio were determined in 30 practically healthy children aged 1.5-2 years, immunized with live parotitis vaccine prepared from strain -3. One immunization dose of the vaccine contained 7,950 HADU50. In all children peroxidase activity in the cytoplasm of neutrophils was studied. This investigation revealed that in all examined children the formation of immune response to immunization with live parotitis vaccine was accompanied by the development of an imbalance of immunoregulatory T-cell subpopulations and by functional changes in neutrophils, characterized by the inhibition of peroxidase activity. The changes revealed in this study were most pronounced in children with a high level of antibody formation.

[Macrophage transformation of mononuclear cells following primary and secondary experimental immunization with measles vaccine]. / Makrofagal'naia transformatsiia mononuklearov posle pervichnoi i vtorichnoi immunizatsii korevoi vaktsinoi v éksperimente.

Cell-mediated and humoral immune response was studied in guinea pigs receiving two immunizations with live measles vaccine l-16 in doses of 1000 TCD50/0.5 ml at an interval of 45 days. The results of this study showed that the maximum level of the macrophagal transformation of mononuclears and the most intensive synthesis of antimeasles antibodies were observed on day 10 after booster immunization. The intensification of cell-mediated and humoral immune response was found to depend on the initial immunological background. The animals having had high values of cell-mediated response before booster immunization showed a decrease in these values, while an increase in antibody titers in such animals was transitory.

[Prevention of mumps in preschool institutions using a live mumps vaccine made from strain L-3]. / Profilaktika épidemicheskogo parotita v detskikh doshkol'nykh uchrezhdeniiakh zhivoi parotitnoi vaktsinoi iz shtamma L-3.

The effectiveness of the emergency vaccinal prophylaxis of epidemic parotitis was studied in 19 children's day-care centers. As revealed in this study, the immunological effectiveness of vaccination did not depend on the age of vaccinees, but sharply decreased if live parotitis vaccine contained less than 10,000 HADU50 per immunization dose. After a single administration of the vaccine 91.1 +/- 0.98% of children were found to produce mumps antibodies. The immunization of children with live parotitis vaccine prepared from strain l-3 immediately after the first case of parotitis had been registered proved to be a highly effective measure. The coefficient of epidemiological effectiveness was 96.4%.

[Epidemiologic surveillance of diphtheria and measles]. / Epidemiologicheskii nadzor za difteriei i kor'iu.

The epidemiological surveillance of diphtheria and measles makes it possible to evaluate the actual coverage of different groups of population with immunization and the state of this protection, to determine the tendencies of the epidemic processes of the afore-mentioned infections, to assess the efficacy of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures, and to develop well-grounded recommendations aimed at preventing the formation of foci of group infections and the lethal outcomes of diphtheria and measles.

[Measles morbidity among children inoculated against this infection]. / O zabolevaemosti kor'iu privitykh protiv étoi infektsii detei.

In the serological survey of 2009 children immunized against measles 285 children (14.2%) were found to be seronegative to this infection in the hemagglutination inhibition test with 4 hemagglutinating units of the antigen. Among 1724 immunized children showing positive response to vaccination and placed under dynamic observation for 11 years, 2 cases of measles were registered. At the same time, in the dynamic observation of 111 seronegative children 66 measles cases (59.5%) were registered during the above period, while among 169 children, also seronegative, but receiving booster immunization against measles, morbidity rate was only 1.2%. In some vaccinees the decrease of postvaccinal immunity to seronegative values was observed, but such decrease had no essential influence on the morbidity level among the vaccines. The increase of measles morbidity among schoolchildren immunized against this infection was due not to the decrease of their postvaccinal immunity, but to their concentration in schools and to their more intensive contacts with the sources of infection in comparison with children of preschool age.

[Immunocytochemical indices of the measles vaccinal process]. / Immunotsitokhimicheskie pokazateli korevogo vaktsinal'nogo protsessa.

To study the immune responsiveness of children in the measles vaccinal process, the cytochemical methods for the identification of immunocompetent cells have been used. The investigations have been made in children aged 1.5-4 years, immunized with live measles vaccine prepared from strain l-16. The results of these investigations indicate that the development of specific antiviral postvaccinal immunity is characterized by transitory changes in the populations of T-, B- and O-lymphocytes; such changes are accompanied by not only quantitative, but also qualitative changes of individual populations.

[Immunological effectiveness of a booster inoculation against measles in children remaining seronegative after vaccination]. / Immunologicheskaia éffektivnost' povtornoi privivki protiv kori detei, ostavshikhsia seronegativnymi posle vaktsinatsii.

Booster immunization against measles with a highly immunogenic vaccine leads to the development of prolonged postvaccinal immunity lasting at least 6-7 years (the term of observation) in the groups of children found to be seronegative after the titration of their blood sera with 1 hemagglutinating unit (HAU) of the antigen. The booster immunization of children in whose blood sera the minimal concentrations of antibodies can be determined in the presence of 1 HAU of the antigen (seronegative in the presence of 4 HAU) is less effective. The serological checks of immunized children entering preschool institutions and the primary grades at schools and the subsequent booster immunization of children found to be seronegative will lead to a further decrease in measles morbidity.

[Immunological reactivity of children vaccinated with a live measles vaccine]. / Immunologicheskaia reaktivnost' detei pri vaktsinatsii zhivoi korevoi vaktsinoi.

Immunologic responsiveness in measles vaccinal and infectious processes was studied by the neutrophil alteration test in 72 children varying in ages from 18 months to 4 years of whom 20 were in the acute period of measles infection and 52 vaccinated with live measles vaccine from the L-16 strain. The study showed that both in the infectious disease and vaccinal process cell-mediated immunologic responses and changes in the specific humoral immunity are dissimilar. In measles disease they are manifested earlier and more marked than in the vaccinal process where even 30 days post-vaccination cell-mediated responses are not as manifest and frequent as in convalescents despite nearly similar levels of humoral immunity.

[Experimental study of measles immunity based on an index to neutrophil damage]. / Eksperimental'noe izuchenie korevogo immuniteta po pokazateliu povrezhdeniia neitrofilov.

Comparative studies for the elucidation of immunologic reactions in vaccination and infectious measles immunity were carried out. The delayed hypersensitivity was evaluated by the test of neutrophil alteration with the specific antigen according to V. N. Fradkin. The results indicate that the vaccine measles virus strain produces immunological alterations in animals accompanied by the development of sensitization to measles antigen. The observed alterations and changes in specific humoral immunity in experimental measles produced by a pathogenic virus are more manifest than those induced by the vaccine strain.