[Longitudinal studies of cosmonauts' health]. / Rezul'taty dlitel'nogo nabliudeniia za sostoianiem zdorov'ia kosmonavtov.

Presented are data of the follow-up (about 30 years maximum) of cosmonauts (n = 36, main group) and candidates to cosmonauts (n = 65, control) who were also subjected to the systematic medical certification over the whole period in the corps of cosmonauts. Analysis of the data on morbidity, body mass, physiological and biochemical parameters (BP, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, hemoglobin etc.) revealed that for the most part, dynamics of the health parameters and morbidity in remote periods after space flight was age-specific.

[On diagnosis and prophylaxis of asthenoneurotic syndrome in cosmonauts in long-term mission]. / Diagnostika i profilaktika astenonevroticheskogo sindroma u kosmonavtov v dlitel'nykh kosmicheskikh poletakh.

Based on longer than 20 years experience of observation and investigation of the neuropsychic state of cosmonauts in long-term missions to the space stations and volunteers in ground studies of some of the spaceflight (SF) effects, principles of diagnostics, prophylaxis and correction of asthenoneurotic and psychoasthenic disorders in members of long-term orbital mission have been established. The authors give consideration to the most probable pathophysiological mechanisms of these disorders during SF and some potential lines of exploration and development of countermeasures against and methods for correction of the psychoneurologic disorders during long-term missions.

[The main clinico-neurological syndromes of prolonged hypokinesia]. / Osnovnye kliniko-nevrologicheskie sindromy dlitel'noi gipokinezii.

Based on analysis of the nature and course of disorders in 81 volunteers as the sequel to strict horizontal (0 degree) or head-down (-4 degrees to -6 degrees) bed rest (hypokinesia) from seven days up to six months, neurological phenomenology of the following clinical syndromes was described: "acute" hemodynamics deviations, physical and thermal discomfort, astheno-neurotic developments, autonomous vascular dysfunction and trophic disturbances, neuromuscular disorders, statokinetic disorders, algesia, and degraded ability to do physical performance tests. Each of the above syndromes became perceptible at certain phases of bed rest, progressed as the time of hypokinesia grew and sharply aggravated early in the readaptation period on regaining the vertical posture and peaked during physical testing. Despite of the variety of physical exercises and supportive medicaments used during six months of bed rest, recovery of the health disorders took no less than two months of extensive therapeutic/rehabilitative treatment.

[Clinicophysiological changes in the human body during prolonged head-down tilt hypokinesia]. / Kliniko-fiziologicheskie izmeneniia v organizme cheloveka pri dlitel'noi antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

By clinical-physiological and biochemical methods adaptation to prolonged (182 days) head-down tilting (--4.5 degrees) was investigated. It was found that man exposed to hypokinesia for a month or longer, with countermeasures lacking, showed polymorphic clinical-physiological and biochemical disorders accompanied by a decline of his adaptive capabilities. This may aggravate further adaptation and readaptation processes.

[Clinical picture and activity of nervous system mediators during chronic modeling of certain factors involved in space flight]. / Klinika i aktivnost' mediatorov nervnoi sistemy pri dlitel'nom modelirovanii nekotorykh faktorov kosmicheskogo poleta.

Results of examining the functions of the nervous system and the activity of blood neuromediators after a long-time (182 days) antiorthostatic hypokinesia are presented. It has been shown that along with polymorphic clinical signs on the part of the nervous system (hemodynamic disturbances, asthenoneurotic manifestations, neuromuscular, metabolic, trophic, and vegetovascular disturbances, signs of insufficient training of the cardiovascular system, stato-kinetic and pain phenomena) undulating changes of the neuromediator activity reflecting the course of compensation and adaptation processes in the conditions of long-time hypokinesia are observed.

[Study of the body's reactivity using pharmacological tests]. / Izuchenie reaktivnosti organizma s pomoshch'iu farmakologicheskikh prob.

Variations in the excretion of catecholamines (adrenalin, noradrenalin, dopamine and DOPA precursor) were studied in 34 test subjects who had undergone two drug tests at a two day interval: an insulin test at a dose of 0.15 Units/kg body weight and dopavein test at a dose of 800 microgram/day. In most cases these drugs caused an adequate response of the sympathoadrenal system which included its increased activity and reflected nonspecific reactions. It is concluded that a high (or an adequate) relative activity of the sympathoadrenal system during these tests is more favorable in terms of prediction of reactions of the body in harsh environments than a decreased activity of the sympatho-adrenal system, especially when it is combined with low background values of catecholamine excretion.

[Thermoregulation in prolonged antiorthostatic hypokinesia]. / Termoreguliatsionnaia funktsiia pri dlitel'noi antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

By means of daily thermometry in the axillary area, a study of skin thermotopography in 10 symmetrical points of the body and a study of the Shcherbak thermoregulational reflex the author assessed the function of thermoregulation during a 49 day antiorthostatic (-4 degrees) hypokinesia. The study included 32 male volunteers from 25-39 years of age. It was demonstrated that signs of temperature discomfort appeared shortly after an antiorthostatic position was taken and was due to the initial period of blood redistribution. At the end of the first and beginning of the second month hypokinesia developed and gradual disturbances of thermoregulational dynamics progressed. They were characterized by changes of oral-caudal and proximal-distal correlations of the skin temperature (due to the drop of temperature in the distal parts) and hyporeactivity, areactivity or inversion of thermoregulational processes during the study of the Shcherbak thermoregulational reflex.

[Clinical aspects of a change in the nervous system after 49-day head-down hypokinesis]. / Klinicheskie aspekty izmeneniia nervnoi sistemy pri 49-sutochnoi antiortostaticheskoi gipokinezii.

Clinical and neurological methods were used to investigate the state of the central nervous system of 9 healthy male test subjects during a 49-day head-down (at an angle of 4-6 degrees) bed rest experiment. Beginning with the 4-5th week polymorphic changes in the nervous state emerged and developed. They can be divided into three clinical syndromes: astheno-neurotic syndrome that of autonomic dysfunction and the syndrome of neuromuscular (trophic) and statokinetic disorders. In comparison with the clinostatic bed rest, head-down tilting brought about changes in the nervous system earlier and with a more distinct "acute" phase. This is in favour of the concept that hemodynamic changes in the brain and the upper body play a very important part in the pathogenetic mechanism that underlies most disorders accompanying bed rest.