ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The study of the mechanisms of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the basis for building a strategy for anti-epidemic measures in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding in what time frame a patient can spread SARS-CoV-2 is just as important as knowing the transmission mechanisms themselves. This information is necessary to develop effective measures to prevent infection by breaking the chains of transmission of the virus. The aim of the work is to identify the infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus in patient samples in the course of the disease and to determine the duration of virus shedding in patients with varying severity of COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In patients included in the study, biomaterial (nasopharyngeal swabs) was subjected to analysis by quantitative RT-PCR and virological determination of infectivity of the virus. RESULTS: We have determined the timeframe of maintaining the infectivity of the virus in patients hospitalized with severe and moderate COVID-19. Based on the results of the study, we made an analysis of the relationship between the amount of detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA and the infectivity of the virus in vitro in patients with COVID-19. The median time of the infectious virus shedding was 8 days. In addition, a comparative analysis of different protocols for the detection of the viral RNA in relation to the identification of the infectious virus was carried out. CONCLUSION: The obtained data make it possible to assess the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 detection and viral load in patients with COVID-19 and indicate the significance of these parameters for the subsequent spread of the virus and the organization of preventive measures.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Coronaviridae , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , Humans , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/epidemiology , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , RNA, Viral/genetics , Pandemics/prevention & control , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
New innovative vaccines are highly needed to combat the global threat posed by tuberculosis. Efficient components-antigens and adjuvants-are crucial for development of modern recombinant TB vaccines. This study describes a new vaccine (GamTBvac) consisting of two mycobacterial antigen fusions (Ag85A and ESAT6-CFP10)-with dextran-binding domain immobilized on dextran and mixed with an adjuvant consisting of DEAE-dextran core, and with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (TLR9 agonists). GamTBvac and its components were assessed for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in GamTBvac-prime/boost and BCG-prime/ GamTBvac-boost in murine and guinea pig TB models. Results show that in both infectious models, GamTBvac has a strong immunogenicity and significant protective effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv under aerosol and intravenous challenges. GamTBvac showed a particularly strong protective effect as a BCG booster vaccine.
Subject(s)
BCG Vaccine , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology , Tuberculosis Vaccines , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Adjuvants, Immunologic , Administration, Intravenous , Aerosols , Animals , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , BCG Vaccine/immunology , Cell Proliferation/physiology , Disease Models, Animal , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical , Female , Guinea Pigs , Immunization , Immunization, Secondary , Immunogenicity, Vaccine , Lung/immunology , Lymph Nodes/immunology , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Spleen/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Tuberculosis/immunology , Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology , Vaccines, Subunit/immunology , Vaccines, Synthetic/immunologyABSTRACT
The most common type of coniferous mobile genetic elements are retrotransposons. Despite of their early positive impact on evolution of modern coniferous species they can have a significant negative impact for Forestry and breeding. Breaking genomic structural integrity mobile elements can cause phenotypic defects of plants. In this regard, the study of the diversity of coniferous mobile genetic elements is particularly interesting. In the present paper, we describe mobile genetic elements in dsRNA fraction of Pinus sylvestris having witches broom abnormalities. In result of assembled contigs analysis by RepeatMasker 70 mobile genetic elements were identified. A 68 of that were retroelements. Most of elements represented by Gypsy (16 contigs) and Copia (48 contigs). In 4 cases retroelements specific to Pinus taeda were identified. In most cases fragments of integrase (24), reverse transcriptase (22) and RNaseH (15) were identified. Results of the study may be of interest for coniferous breeding and genetic specialists. The raw data of these experiments have been deposited at NCBI under the accession number SAMN06185845.
ABSTRACT
Methods of biocontrol are widely used for suppression of pests and human disease vectors. One of the key methods is insects sterilization (sterile insect technique--SIT), which currently is accomplished by irradiation. Radiation-exposed insects have reduced fitness so theis competitive abilities are diminished as compared to insects from wild populations. Modern bioengineering is capable of producing transgenic insects with predetermined traits, and by now the schemes for getting sterile insects without exposure to radiation are developed. Another area of modern studies is producing insects that are unable to transmit diseases malaria, for example. In the present review the implementation and perspectives are outlined for replacement of Anopheles wild populations with transgenic mosquitos. The main way for delivering the genetic material to recipient's genome is using transposon-based constructs. The markers of transgenesis are described. The potential danger for the environment of transgenic constructs remobilization and the necessity of their stabilization within the genome are emphasized. The existing methods of stabilization which involve the deletion of transposon terminal inverted repeats are described.
