Combinación de bloqueos torácicos como método anestésico principal en mastectomía radical modificada para pacientes con compromiso respiratorio severo / Combination of thoracic blocks as a main anesthetic tecnique in modified radical mastectomy for patients with severe respiratory disease

En los últimos tiempos la incorporación de la ultrasonografía a las técnicas de anestesia locorregional ha permitido la descripción de diversos bloqueos torácicos fasciales con finalidad analgésica: PECS 1 y 2, bloqueo del plano del serrato, bloqueo fascial intercostal serrato, bloqueo en el plano del músculo transverso torácico..., que se han añadido a otros bloqueos nerviosos ya conocidos como el bloqueo paravertebral torácico o el bloqueo intercostal. En este sentido, las técnicas de anestesia locorregional han sido universalmente recomendadas en pacientes con procesos respiratorios severos para evitar el soporte ventilatorio y posterior destete que incrementan considerablemente las tasas de morbimortalidad postoperatoria. Sin embargo, a nivel de la pared torácica y hueco axilar, son escasas las referencias que identifiquen el uso de bloqueos nerviosos o fasciales como método anestésico principal. Presentamos 2 casos extremos de pacientes pluripatológicos con serio compromiso respiratorio que se someten de forma exitosa a mastectomía radical modificada más cirugía en el hueco axilar mediante una combinación de bloqueos torácicos ecoguiados que permitieron la cirugía sin necesidad de inducir anestesia general, evitando ventilación mecánica, y manteniendo durante todo el procedimiento quirúrgico y postoperatorio respiración espontánea. Describimos las principales indicaciones de los bloqueos anestésicos empleados, incidiendo en la técnica de realización de los mismos y subrayando de forma novedosa la posibilidad de afrontar una cirugía agresiva a nivel de la axila con solo anestesia locorregional

The addition of ultrasound to locoregional anaesthesia in the last few years has led to the description of various fascial thoracic blocks with analgesic purposes: PECS 1 and 2 block, serratus plane block, serratus intercostal fascial block, blockade in the plane of the thoracic transverse muscle..., which have been added to other well-known nerve blocks, such as thoracic paravertebral block or intercostal block. In this sense, locoregional anaesthesia has been universally recommended in patients with severe respiratory processes in order to avoid ventilatory support and subsequent weaning that considerably increases postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. However, as regards thoracic wall and axillary hollow, there are very few references which detail the use of nerve or fascial blocks as a main anaesthetic method. Two extreme cases are presented of multi-pathological patients with serious respiratory disease who successfully underwent a modified radical mastectomy plus surgery in the axillary space using a combination of ultrasound-guided thoracic blocks that allowed surgery without general anaesthesia, avoiding mechanical ventilation, and maintaining spontaneous breathing throughout the surgical procedure. The main indications of the anaesthetic blocks used are described, focusing on the performance of the technique and underlining, in a novel way, the possibility of facing aggressive surgery at the level of the armpit with only locoregional anaesthesia

Combination of thoracic blocks as a main anesthetic tecnique in modified radical mastectomy for patients with severe respiratory disease. / Combinación de bloqueos torácicos como método anestésico principal en mastectomía radical modificada para pacientes con compromiso respiratorio severo.

The addition of ultrasound to locoregional anaesthesia in the last few years has led to the description of various fascial thoracic blocks with analgesic purposes: PECS 1 and 2 block, serratus plane block, serratus intercostal fascial block, blockade in the plane of the thoracic transverse muscle..., which have been added to other well-known nerve blocks, such as thoracic paravertebral block or intercostal block. In this sense, locoregional anaesthesia has been universally recommended in patients with severe respiratory processes in order to avoid ventilatory support and subsequent weaning that considerably increases postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. However, as regards thoracic wall and axillary hollow, there are very few references which detail the use of nerve or fascial blocks as a main anaesthetic method. Two extreme cases are presented of multi-pathological patients with serious respiratory disease who successfully underwent a modified radical mastectomy plus surgery in the axillary space using a combination of ultrasound-guided thoracic blocks that allowed surgery without general anaesthesia, avoiding mechanical ventilation, and maintaining spontaneous breathing throughout the surgical procedure. The main indications of the anaesthetic blocks used are described, focusing on the performance of the technique and underlining, in a novel way, the possibility of facing aggressive surgery at the level of the armpit with only locoregional anaesthesia.

Epidermolisis bullosa de Herlitz en el paciente pediátrico: implicaciones anestésicas / Herlitz epidermolysis bullosa in the paediatric patient: Anaesthetic implications

RESUMEN La epidermolisis bullosa (EB) constituye una serie heterogénea de trastornos genéticos cuyorasgo comun es la facilidad para la formacion de ampollas en la piel y mucosas ante el masminimo roce o traumatismo. En su diagnostico intervienen criterios clinicos, genéticos ehistopatologicos, distinguiéndose entre formas simples (EBS), junturales (EBJ) y distroficas( EBD). De entre ellas, las formas junturales, especialmente la EBJ tipo Herlitz y la aso-ciada a atresia pilorica, suponen un reto en el manejo por parte del anestesiologo dadasu importante comorbilidad asociada.¹ Se presenta el caso de un neonato diagnosticado de epidermolisis bullosa tipo Herlitz, propuesto para colocacion de sonda nasoyeyunal transanastomosis por una obstruccionintestinal congénita.Se repasan las principales particularidades en el manejo anestésico de estos pacientes,en relacion con la preparacion de la monitorizacion y equipamiento quirurgico con el fin deevitar lesiones cutaneas por friccion, y las dificultades en la canalizacion de accesos venososy manejo de la via aérea.

ABSTRACT Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of inherited disorders characterized by blistering of the skin and mucous membranes as a result of friction or minor trauma. Clinical, genetic and histopathological criteria are involved in its diagnosis, distinguishing between simple (SEB), junctional (JEB) and dystrophic (DEB) forms. Among them, the junctional forms, especially de Herlitz JEB type and the one associated with pyloric atresia, pose a major challenge to the anaesthetist, given the high comorbidity. We report the case of a newborn diagnosed with Herlitz epidermolysis bullosa, taken to nasojejunal transanastomotic tube placement due to congenital intestinal obstruction. We focused on the main features in the anaesthetic management of these patients considering the preparation of the monitoring and surgical equipment to prevent skin damage by friction and the difficulties establishing venous accesses and airway management.

Acidosis láctica y distrés respiratorio tras intoxicvación por metformina: La importancia de un tratamiento precoz / No disponible

La metformina, es una biguanida ampliamente utilizada en el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus (DM). Entre los efectos secundarios derivados de su empleo, destaca por su baja frecuencia de presentación, pero potencial gravedad, la acidosis láctica. El diagnóstico de intoxicación por metformina se basa, generalmente, en la coexistencia de acidosis láctica, en un paciente en tratamiento con este fármaco, con uno o más factores de riesgo para la presentación de la misma. El desarrollo de acidosis láctica en relación con el tratamiento con metformina, conlleva una mortalidad, que oscila entre el 30 y el 80% según las series. Presentamos, a este respecto, el caso de una paciente en tratamiento con metformina, que presentó un cuadro de acidosis láctica grave que motivó su ingreso en la Unidad de Reanimación. El interés del mismo radica en el desarrollo de un episodio de fallo multiorgánico (fallo hemodinámico y fracaso renal agudo) con un síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo del adulto (SDRA), que precisó terapia de depuración extrarrenal mediante hemodiafiltración venovenosa continua (HDFVVC), además de instauración de tratamiento con drogas vasoactivas y óxido nítrico inhalado (AU)

Metformin, is a biguanide widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. One of the most important side effects from its employment is lactic acidosis, known for its low frequency of occurrence, but potential lethality. The diagnosis of poisoning by metformin is generally based on the coexistence of lactic acidosis in a patient treated with this drug, with one or more risk factors for its occurrence. The development of lactic acidosis in connection with the treatment with metformin, carries a mortality ranging between 30 and 80%depending on the studies. We present, the case of a patient treated with metformin, who suffered from a severe lactic acidosis that led to her entry into the recovery unit. The interest of this case in based on the development of an episode of multiple organ failure (hemodynamic failure and acute renal failure) with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which required renal replacement therapy by continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) and employment of vasoactive drugs and inhaled nitric oxide (AU)