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1.
ANZ J Surg ; 92(3): 409-413, 2022 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34859559

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUNDS: The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) upon the delivery of surgical services in Australia has not been well characterized, other than restrictions to elective surgery due to government directive-related cancellations. Using emergency cholecystectomy as a representative operation, this study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on emergency general surgery in Australia in relation to in-hours versus after-hours operating. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of medical records for patients admitted with cholecystitis or biliary colic between 1 March 2019 and 28 February 2021 at Frankston Hospital, Australia. Patient demographics, admission data, imaging findings, operative and post-operative data were compared between pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 periods. Variables were compared using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, Chi Squared or Fishers exact test. RESULTS: During the COVID-19 period, emergency cholecystectomy was performed for a greater proportion of patients presenting with cholecystitis or biliary colic (93.5% versus 77.7%, p < 0.01). Despite this, there was concomitant reduction in after-hours cholecystectomy from 14.4% to 7.5% (p = 0.04). Patients requiring after-hours surgery during the COVID-19 period had more features of sepsis (23% more tachypnoeic, 18% more hypotensive), and were more likely to have certain features of cholecystitis on imaging (45% more likely to have pericholecystic fluid). CONCLUSION: Following elective surgery cancellations during the COVID-19 period, an increase was seen in the proportion of patients presenting with gallstone disease who were managed with emergency cholecystectomy due to improved theatre access. Concurrently, there was a decrease in the requirement for surgery to be performed after-hours.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic , Cholecystitis , COVID-19/epidemiology , Cholecystectomy/methods , Cholecystitis/surgery , Humans , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2
2.
J Physiol ; 595(11): 3497-3514, 2017 06 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28402052

ABSTRACT

KEY POINTS: A subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells expresses the neuropeptide vasopressin. These retinal ganglion cells project predominately to our biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Light-induced vasopressin release enhances the responses of SCN neurons to light. It also enhances expression of genes involved in photo-entrainment of biological rhythms. ABSTRACT: In all animals, the transition between night and day engages a host of physiological and behavioural rhythms. These rhythms depend not on the rods and cones of the retina, but on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that detect the ambient light level in the environment. These project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus to entrain circadian rhythms that are generated within the SCN. The neuropeptide vasopressin has an important role in this entrainment. Many SCN neurons express vasopressin, and it has been assumed that the role of vasopressin in the SCN reflects the activity of these cells. Here we show that vasopressin is also expressed in many retinal cells that project to the SCN. Light-evoked vasopressin release contributes to the responses of SCN neurons to light, and enhances expression of the immediate early gene c-fos in the SCN, which is involved in photic entrainment of circadian rhythms.


Subject(s)
Light , Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism , Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism , Vasopressins/metabolism , Animals , Circadian Rhythm , Female , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology , Retinal Ganglion Cells/radiation effects , Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology
3.
Neuron ; 78(6): 1036-49, 2013 Jun 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23791197

ABSTRACT

Although communication between neurons is considered a function of the synapse, neurons also release neurotransmitter from their dendrites. We found that dendritic transmitter release coordinates activity across distinct neuronal populations to generate integrative homeostatic responses. We show that activity-dependent vasopressin release from hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons in the paraventricular nucleus stimulates neighboring (~100 µm soma-to-soma) presympathetic neurons, resulting in a sympathoexcitatory population response. This interpopulation crosstalk was engaged by an NMDA-mediated increase in dendritic Ca(2+), influenced by vasopressin's ability to diffuse in the extracellular space, and involved activation of CAN channels at the target neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this interpopulation crosstalk plays a pivotal role in the generation of a systemic, polymodal neurohumoral response to a hyperosmotic challenge. Because dendritic release is emerging as a widespread process, our results suggest that a similar mechanism could mediate interpopulation crosstalk in other brain systems, particularly those involved in generating complex behaviors.


Subject(s)
Dendrites/metabolism , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Nerve Net/metabolism , Neuropeptides/metabolism , Neurosecretion/physiology , Animals , Dendrites/chemistry , Hypothalamus/chemistry , Male , Nerve Net/chemistry , Organ Culture Techniques , Rats , Rats, Transgenic , Rats, Wistar
4.
PLoS One ; 6(10): e25366, 2011.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22028774

ABSTRACT

Magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) secrete oxytocin and vasopressin from axon terminals in the neurohypophysis, but they also release large amounts of peptide from their somata and dendrites, and this can be regulated both by activity-dependent Ca(2+) influx and by mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+). This somato-dendritic release can also be primed by agents that mobilise intracellular Ca(2+), meaning that the extent to which it is activity-dependent, is physiologically labile. We investigated the role of different Ca(2+) channels in somato-dendritic release; blocking N-type channels reduced depolarisation-induced oxytocin release from SONs in vitro from adult and post-natal day 8 (PND-8) rats, blocking L-type only had effect in PND-8 rats, while blocking other channel types had no significant effect. When oxytocin release was primed by prior exposure to thapsigargin, both N- and L-type channel blockers reduced release, while P/Q and R-type blockers were ineffective. Using confocal microscopy, we found immunoreactivity for Ca(v)1.2 and 1.3 channel subunits (which both form L-type channels), 2.1 (P/Q type), 2.2 (N-type) and 2.3 (R-type) in the somata and dendrites of both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, and the intensity of the immunofluorescence signal for different subunits differed between PND-8, adult and lactating rats. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, the N-type Ca(2+) current density increased after thapsigargin treatment, but did not alter the voltage sensitivity of the channel. These results suggest that the expression, location or availability of N-type Ca(2+) channels is altered when required for high rates of somato-dendritic peptide release.


Subject(s)
Calcium Channels/metabolism , Dendrites/metabolism , Oxytocin/metabolism , Animals , Calcium/metabolism , Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Dendrites/drug effects , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Lactation/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Supraoptic Nucleus/cytology , Thapsigargin/pharmacology , Vasopressins/metabolism
5.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 1220: 106-16, 2011 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21388408

ABSTRACT

Central vasopressin facilitates social recognition and modulates numerous complex social behaviors in mammals, including parental behavior, aggression, affiliation, and pair-bonding. In rodents, social interactions are primarily mediated by the exchange of olfactory information, and there is evidence that vasopressin signaling is important in brain areas where olfactory information is processed. We recently discovered populations of vasopressin neurons in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs and anterior olfactory nucleus that are involved in the processing of social odor cues. In this review, we propose a model of how vasopressin release in these regions, potentially from the dendrites, may act to filter social odor information to facilitate odor-based social recognition. Finally, we discuss recent human research linked to vasopressin signaling and suggest that our model of priming-facilitated vasopressin signaling would be a rewarding target for further studies, as a failure of priming may underlie pathological changes in complex behaviors.


Subject(s)
Odorants , Olfactory Bulb/physiology , Vasopressins/physiology , Animals , Humans
6.
J Physiol ; 588(Pt 23): 4705-17, 2010 Dec 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20921194

ABSTRACT

The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON), a component of the main olfactory system, is a cortical region that processes olfactory information and acts as a relay between the main olfactory bulbs and higher brain regions such as the piriform cortex. Utilizing a transgenic rat in which an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter gene is expressed in vasopressin neurones (eGFP-vasopressin), we have discovered a population of vasopressin neurones in the AON. These vasopressin neurones co-express vasopressin V1 receptors. They also co-express GABA and calbinin-D28k indicating that they are neurochemically different from the newly described vasopressin neurons in the main olfactory bulb. We utilized the immediate early gene product, early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1), to examine the functional role of these vasopressin neurons in processing social and non-social odours in the AON. Exposure of adult rats to a conspecific juvenile or a heterospecific predator odour leads to increases in Egr-1 expression in the AON in a subregion specific manner. However, only exposure to a juvenile increases Egr-1 expression in AON vasopressin neurons. These data suggest that vasopressin neurones in the AON may be selectively involved in the coding of social odour information.


Subject(s)
Early Growth Response Protein 1/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Neurons/metabolism , Olfactory Pathways/cytology , Olfactory Pathways/physiology , Vasopressins/metabolism , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Cats , Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics , Female , Foxes , Green Fluorescent Proteins , Male , Odorants , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
7.
Nature ; 464(7287): 413-7, 2010 Mar 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20182426

ABSTRACT

Many peptides, when released as chemical messengers within the brain, have powerful influences on complex behaviours. Most strikingly, vasopressin and oxytocin, once thought of as circulating hormones whose actions were confined to peripheral organs, are now known to be released in the brain, where they have fundamentally important roles in social behaviours. In humans, disruptions of these peptide systems have been linked to several neurobehavioural disorders, including Prader-Willi syndrome, affective disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and polymorphisms of V1a vasopressin receptor have been linked to autism. Here we report that the rat olfactory bulb contains a large population of interneurons which express vasopressin, that blocking the actions of vasopressin in the olfactory bulb impairs the social recognition abilities of rats and that vasopressin agonists and antagonists can modulate the processing of information by olfactory bulb neurons. The findings indicate that social information is processed in part by a vasopressin system intrinsic to the olfactory system.


Subject(s)
Olfactory Bulb/metabolism , Recognition, Psychology/physiology , Social Behavior , Vasopressins/metabolism , Animals , Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists , Interneurons/drug effects , Interneurons/metabolism , Olfactory Bulb/cytology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Vasopressin/metabolism , Recognition, Psychology/drug effects , Vasopressins/antagonists & inhibitors
8.
Endocrinology ; 149(12): 6136-45, 2008 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18703633

ABSTRACT

Apelin, a novel peptide originally isolated from bovine stomach tissue extracts, is widely but selectively distributed throughout the nervous system. Vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus, which are apelin-rich regions in the central nervous system. We made extracellular electrophysiological recordings from the transpharyngeally exposed SON of urethane-anaesthetized rats to assess the role of apelin in the control of the firing activity of identified magnocellular vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in vivo. Apelin-13 administration onto SON neurons via microdialysis revealed cell-specific responses; apelin-13 increased the firing rates of vasopressin cells but had no effect on the firing rate of oxytocin neurons. A direct excitatory effect of apelin-13 on vasopressin cell activity is also supported by our in vitro studies showing depolarization of membrane potential and increase in action potential firing. To assess the effects of apelin-13 on somatodendritic peptide release, we used in vitro release studies from SON explants in combination with highly sensitive and specific RIA. Apelin-13 decreases basal (by 78%; P < 0.05; n = 6) and potassium-stimulated (by 57%; P < 0.05; n = 6) vasopressin release but had no effect on somatodendritic oxytocin release. Taken together, our data suggest a local autocrine feedback action of apelin on magnocellular vasopressin neurons. Furthermore, these data show a marked dissociation between axonal and dendritic vasopressin release with a decrease in somatodendritic release but an increase in electrical activity at the cell bodies, indicating that release from these two compartments can be regulated wholly independently.


Subject(s)
Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/pharmacology , Neurons/drug effects , Oxytocin/metabolism , Peptide Fragments/metabolism , Vasopressins/metabolism , Animals , Dendrites/metabolism , Electrophysiology , Female , Hypothalamus/cytology , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/administration & dosage , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/metabolism , Radioimmunoassay , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar
9.
Prog Brain Res ; 170: 137-51, 2008.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18655879

ABSTRACT

Oxytocin has potent central effects on feeding behaviour, as well as on social and sexual behaviours, and one likely substrate for its anorectic effect is the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. This nucleus expresses a high density of oxytocin receptors, but contains very few oxytocin-containing fibres, hence it is a likely target of 'neurohormonal' actions of oxytocin, including possibly oxytocin released from the dendrites of magnocellular oxytocin neurones. As oxytocin release from dendrites is regulated independent of electrical activity and of secretion from the neurohypophysis, exactly how this release is regulated by metabolic and reproduction-related signals remains to be established fully. Intriguingly though, it looks as though this central release of oxytocin from magnocellular neurons might be instrumental in a fundamental shift in motivational behaviour - switching behaviour from being driven by the need to find and consume food, to the need to reproduce.


Subject(s)
Appetite/physiology , Hunger/physiology , Oxytocin/physiology , Animals , Biological Evolution , Dendrites/metabolism , Dendrites/physiology , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Female , Fishes , Humans , Lactation , Mammals , Marsupialia , Milk/metabolism , Neurons/physiology , Oxytocin/analogs & derivatives , Pituitary Gland, Posterior/metabolism , Pituitary Gland, Posterior/physiology , Sexual Behavior/physiology , Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology , Signal Transduction , Social Behavior
10.
Prog Brain Res ; 170: 219-28, 2008.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18655885

ABSTRACT

Classically, neuropeptide release occurs from axon terminals to influence post-synaptic neurons. However, it has become increasingly clear that many neurons in the central nervous system also release neuropeptide from their somata and dendrites. This somato-dendritic neuropeptide release can have many functions, amongst which is feedback modulation of activity. In addition, most central neurons also co-express other neurotransmitters/neuromodulators alongside their principal neurotransmitter, yet the function of these co-expressed factors is largely unknown. With regard to the function of somato-dendritic neuropeptide release, hypothalamic vasopressin neurons are amongst the best understood neurons in the central nervous system. Vasopressin neurons co-express a number of other neuropeptides including apelin, dynorphin and galanin as well as the purine, adenosine triphosphate. In addition to factors co-released during exocytosis, vasopressin neurons also generate nitric oxide. Each of these factors has been demonstrated to influence the activity of vasopressin neurons. For at least some of these factors, modulation of the activity of vasopressin neurons is activity dependent; suggesting that autocrine feedback regulation of activity might be an important role for somato-dendritic release of neuromodulators across the central nervous system.


Subject(s)
Dendrites/physiology , Neurons/physiology , Vasopressins/physiology , Adenosine Triphosphate/physiology , Animals , Brain/physiology , Cattle , Cell Membrane/physiology , Dynorphins/physiology , Electrophysiology , Galanin/physiology , Homeostasis , Membrane Potentials/physiology , Neuropeptides/physiology , Periodicity , Stomach/physiology
11.
J Physiol ; 582(Pt 3): 1337-48, 2007 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17478532

ABSTRACT

Magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) can differentially control peptide release from the somato/dendritic and axon terminal compartment. Dendritic release can be selectively regulated through activation of intracellular calcium stores by calcium mobilizers such as thapsigargin (TG), resulting in preparation (priming) of somato/dendritic peptide pools for subsequent activity-dependent release. As dynamic modulation of the actin cytoskeleton is implicated in secretion from synaptic terminals and from several types of neuroendocrine cells, we studied its involvement in oxytocin and vasopressin release from SON neurons. Confocal image analysis of the somata revealed that the normally continuous cortical band of F-actin is disrupted after high potassium (K(+), 50 mm) or TG (200 nm) stimulation. The functional importance of actin remodelling was studied using cell-permeable actin polymerizing (jasplakinolide, 2 microm) or depolymerizing agents (latrunculin B, 5 microm) to treat SON and neural lobe (NL) explants in vitro and measure high K(+)-induced oxytocin and vasopressin release. Latrunculin significantly enhanced, and jasplakinolide inhibited, high-K(+)-evoked somato/dendritic peptide release, while release from axon terminals was not altered, suggesting that high-K(+)-evoked release in the SON, but not the NL, requires depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton. TG-induced priming of somato/dendritic release was also blocked by jasplakinolide and latrunculin, suggesting that priming involves changes in actin remodelling.


Subject(s)
Neurons/metabolism , Oxytocin/metabolism , Supraoptic Nucleus/metabolism , Vasopressins/metabolism , Animals , Female , Neurons/drug effects , Potassium/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Supraoptic Nucleus/drug effects , Thapsigargin/pharmacology
12.
J Physiol ; 564(Pt 2): 515-22, 2005 Apr 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15731188

ABSTRACT

Magnocellular neurones of the hypothalamus release vasopressin and oxytocin from their dendrites and soma. Using a combination of electrophysiology, microdialysis, in vitro explants, and radioimmunoassay we assessed the involvement of intracellular Ca(2+) stores in the regulation of dendritic vasopressin release. Thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, which mobilize Ca(2+) from intracellular stores of the endoplasmic reticulum, evoked vasopressin release from dendrites and somata of magnocellular neurones in the supraoptic nucleus. Thapsigargin also produced a dramatic potentiation of dendritic vasopressin release evoked by osmotic or high potassium stimulation. This effect is long lasting, time dependent, and specific to thapsigargin as caffeine and ryanodine had no effect. Furthermore, antidromic activation of electrical activity in the cell bodies released vasopressin from dendrites only after thapsigargin pretreatment. Thus, exposure to Ca(2+) mobilizers such as thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid primes the releasable pool of vasopressin in the dendrites, so that release can subsequently be evoked by electrical and depolarization-dependent activation. Vasopressin itself is effective in inducing dendritic vasopressin release, but it is ineffective in producing priming.


Subject(s)
Dendrites/metabolism , Neurons/metabolism , Supraoptic Nucleus/metabolism , Vasopressins/metabolism , Animals , Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology , Dendrites/drug effects , Female , Neurons/drug effects , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Supraoptic Nucleus/drug effects , Thapsigargin/pharmacology
13.
Endocrinology ; 146(3): 1128-37, 2005 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15564326

ABSTRACT

Estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha) levels in gonadotropes are increased during the follicular phase of the ovine estrous cycle, a time of increased frequency of pulsatile secretion of GnRH and elevated plasma estrogen levels. In the present study, our first aim was to determine which of these factors causes the rise in the number of gonadotropes with ER alpha. Ovariectomized hypothalamo-pituitary disconnected ewes (n = 4-6) received the following treatments: 1) no treatment, 2) injection (im) of 50 microg estradiol benzoate (EB), 3) pulses (300 ng iv) of GnRH every 3 h, 4) GnRH treatment as in group 3 and EB treatment as in group 2, 5) increased frequency of GnRH pulses commencing 20 h before termination, and 6) GnRH treatment as in group 5 with EB treatment. These treatments had predictable effects on plasma LH levels. The number of gonadotropes in which ER alpha was present (by immunohistochemistry) was increased by either GnRH treatment or EB injection, but combined treatment had the greatest effect. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to detect phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) and Fos protein in gonadotropes. The number of gonadotropes with Fos and with pCREB was increased only in group 6. We conclude that either estrogen or GnRH can up-regulate ER alpha in pituitary gonadotropes. On the other hand, during the period of positive feedback action of estrogen, the appearance of pCREB and Fos in gonadotropes requires the combined action of estrogen and increased frequency of GnRH input. This suggests convergence of signaling for GnRH and estrogen.


Subject(s)
Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism , Cyclic AMP/metabolism , Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism , Estrogens/metabolism , Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism , Hypothalamus/pathology , Pituitary Gland/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/biosynthesis , Animals , Female , Gonadotropins/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Phosphorylation , Protein Binding , Radioimmunoassay , Response Elements , Sheep , Signal Transduction , Time Factors
14.
Eur J Neurosci ; 19(10): 2909-12, 2004 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15147325

ABSTRACT

Dense-cored vesicles (DCVs) containing oxytocin or vasopressin are secreted from both the nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary and dendrites in the hypothalamus of magnocellular supraoptic neurons. Dendritic secretion can be enhanced (primed) by pretreatment with either thapsigargin or oxytocin for subsequent activity-dependent release. Here, we determined whether priming involves a translocation of DCV closer to the dendritic membrane. To reduce total vesicle content, rats were salt-loaded for 24 h before application of thapsigargin or vehicle onto the ventrally exposed surface of the supraoptic nucleus in vivo. Tissues were then prepared for quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the total incidence of DCVs within supraoptic dendritic cross-sections, and of the incidence and distance (within a 500-nm margin) of each DCV to the dendritic plasma membrane. Salt loading per se did not alter the frequency distribution or average proportion of DCVs found in the 500-nm margin but significantly decreased the average incidence of DCVs per dendrite by 30% (P < 0.05). However, thapsigargin treatment resulted in a significant increase in the total incidence of DCVs within the 500-nm margins and a higher incidence of DCVs within the first 200 nm of the plasma membrane (P < 0.05), indicating that the thapsigargin-induced priming involves a relocation of DCVs closer to sites of secretion.


Subject(s)
Dendrites/drug effects , Neurons/drug effects , Secretory Vesicles/drug effects , Supraoptic Nucleus/cytology , Thapsigargin/pharmacology , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Dendrites/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Female , Microscopy, Electron/methods , Neurons/cytology , Neurons/ultrastructure , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Secretory Vesicles/metabolism , Secretory Vesicles/ultrastructure , Sodium Chloride, Dietary/pharmacology , Supraoptic Nucleus/drug effects
15.
Endocrinology ; 143(11): 4385-8, 2002 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12399435

ABSTRACT

Immunocytochemical labeling using a specific antibody against vasopressin V1a receptor allowed the localization of this receptor within a subset of cells from male rat anterior pituitary. The presence of transcripts of the corresponding gene in the anterior pituitary was confirmed by RT-PCR. Multiple immunocytochemical labeling combined with confocal microscopy allowed the identification of the V1a-labeled cells as gonadotropes. At the subcellular level, the vasopressin V1a receptor was mainly associated with cytoplasmic vesicles dispersed throughout the cell, which were not the secretory granules storing LH or FSH. In addition to effects exerted by vasopressin via central targets involved in the reproductive pathways, the presence of vasopressin V1a receptors on gonadotropes supports the controversial hypothesis of a local direct action of the neuropeptide on this cell type.


Subject(s)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone/analysis , Immunohistochemistry , Luteinizing Hormone/analysis , Pituitary Gland, Anterior/chemistry , Receptors, Vasopressin/analysis , Animals , Cytoplasmic Vesicles/chemistry , Male , Microscopy, Confocal , Pituitary Gland, Anterior/ultrastructure , RNA, Messenger/analysis , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Vasopressin/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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