ABSTRACT
The world faces difficulties managing disasters while making efforts to slowing the spread of COVID-19. The paper aims at proposing policies and approaches to manage dual disasters of flooding and COVID-19. It reviews on-going efforts of organizations in the humanitarian assistance, water and sanitation, disaster management and health sectors. Based on review works the policy was recommended. The objective of the policy is to protect human life, in particular, vulnerable groups, from the human security perspective. Local organizations and communities play an important role in disaster management, and risk information supported by scientific knowledge is essential. As the experience of disaster management shows, various organizations including health and water should be coordinated to conduct measures.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIM: We investigated the inhibitory action of medium molecular weight heparinyl phenylalanine (MHF) on type I hypersensitivity in comparison with medium molecular weight heparinyl arginine (MHR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MHF and MHR were synthesized from heparin (HE) to decrease the side-effect of HE based on its anticoagulant action and used in this study. RESULTS: MHF demonstrated a significant inhibitory action on 48-h homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. Although MHF did not affect the death of mice injected with a lethal dose of histamine, it significantly prolonged the survival time of mice administered a lethal dose of compound 48/80. On the other hand, MHR did not inhibit type I hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION: The inhibitory action of MHF on the type I allergic reaction was due to a reduction or delay in histamine release from mast cells. MHF may be a potent anti-allergic agent.
Subject(s)
Anticoagulants/administration & dosage , Histamine/toxicity , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/drug therapy , Phenylalanine/administration & dosage , Anaphylaxis/blood , Anaphylaxis/drug therapy , Anaphylaxis/pathology , Animals , Anticoagulants/chemical synthesis , Anticoagulants/chemistry , Arginine/administration & dosage , Arginine/chemical synthesis , Arginine/chemistry , Disease Models, Animal , Heparin/chemical synthesis , Heparin/chemistry , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/blood , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/pathology , Male , Mast Cells/drug effects , Mice , Molecular Weight , Phenylalanine/chemical synthesis , Phenylalanine/chemistry , RatsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory action of medium molecular weight heparinyl amino acid derivatives (MHADs) on scorpion venom (SV)-induced acute pulmonary edema. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SV was injected into the tail vein of rats after MHAD pre-treatment. An hour later, lungs were removed from each experimental animal, followed by measurement of the lung/body index (LBI) and Na+/K+ ratio of the pulmonary tissue as indices for acute pulmonary edema. RESULTS: Medium molecular weight heparinyl arginine (MHR)-administered rats exhibited significantly lower LBI and Na+/K+ ratios compared to control rats. Although the mechanism of inhibitory action of MHR on pulmonary edema is unclear, MHR inhibited the vascular permeability increase by SV because both LBI and Na+/K+ ratio of the pulmonary tissue remained at almost normal values. CONCLUSION: MHR may prevent scorpion venom-induced acute pulmonary edema and thus makes a good candidate for clinical use.
Subject(s)
Arginine/pharmacology , Pulmonary Edema/etiology , Pulmonary Edema/pathology , Scorpion Venoms/adverse effects , Animals , Arginine/chemistry , Capillary Permeability/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Male , Molecular Weight , Organ Size/drug effects , Potassium/metabolism , Pulmonary Edema/drug therapy , Pulmonary Edema/metabolism , Rats , Sodium/metabolismABSTRACT
We investigated the radical scavenging ability of heparin (HE), medium molecular weight heparinyl phenylalanine (MHF) and medium molecular weight heparinyl leucine (MHL) in the blood of mice. The extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) activity was measured according to the method by Oyanagui and Sato. As a result, HE significantly increased the EC-SOD activity with a significant prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), while MHF and MHL significantly increased the EC-SOD activity without a prolongation of APTT. Dose-response curve at 20 min after the injection of each compound indicated a bell-shape. Changes in the plasma EC-SOD activity of mice after the administration of HE, MHF and MHL (10 mg/kg/10 ml) were investigated time-dependently. The plasma EC-SOD activity peaked at 5 min after the administration of all compounds. These results indicated that MHF and MHL show a radical scavenging ability by increasing the EC-SOD activity and MHF may be a candidate for clinical use.
Subject(s)
Fibrinolytic Agents/pharmacology , Heparin/pharmacology , Phenylalanine/chemistry , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Extracellular Space/enzymology , Fibrinolytic Agents/chemistry , Heparin/chemistry , Leucine/chemistry , Male , Mice, Inbred ICR , Molecular Weight , Partial Thromboplastin Time , Superoxide Dismutase/blood , Time FactorsABSTRACT
We investigated the radical-scavenging effects of heparin (HE), medium molecular weight heparinyl phenylalanine (MHF), and medium molecular weight heparinyl leucine (MHL) using ischemic paw edema in mice. We also examined the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of mice that were administered these compounds as an index of their side-effects. HE had a preventative effect and significant reduced ischemic paw edema. However, its effect was not dose-dependent and the dose-response curve was bell-shaped. The effective dose of HE also exhibited a prolonged APTT. Pretreatment using MHF and MHL were effective against ischemic paw edema without a prolonged APTT. Remarkably, the action of MHF was not only preventively, but also therapeutically active. These results suggest that MHF and MHL are superior to HE as safe radical scavengers in vivo.
