ABSTRACT
New Zealand Black (NZB) mice spontaneously produce anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies (AEA) in association with splenomegaly, thus serving as a model for autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Although these autoimmune traits are inherited as a dominant fashion, expression in F(1) hybrids of NZB and most non-New Zealand strains is suppressed due to the contribution of wild-type modifying genes present in the latter strains. Using chromosomal microsatellite markers in the (C57BL/6 x NZB)F(1) x NZB backcross progeny, we mapped C57BL/6 modifying loci for AEA production and splenomegaly. Generation of AEA was found to be down-regulated by a combined effect of two major independently segregating dominant alleles-one linked to D7MIT30 on chromosome 7 and the other linked to D10MIT42 on chromosome 10. Splenomegaly was modified mainly by a single C57BL/6 allele linked to D4MIT58 on chromosome 4. Thus, the autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the NZB strain is under multigenic control and a combined action of not only susceptibility but also modifying alleles with suppressive activities affects the outcome of disease features in the progeny. There are potentially important candidate genes which may be linked to the regulation of AEA and splenomegaly.
Subject(s)
Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/genetics , Autoantibodies/genetics , Autoimmunity/genetics , Erythrocytes/immunology , Mice, Inbred NZB/genetics , Splenomegaly/genetics , Animals , Chromosome Mapping , Crosses, Genetic , Disease Models, Animal , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Lod Score , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microsatellite Repeats , Quantitative Trait, HeritableABSTRACT
A new type of flow-injection procedure is proposed in which the samples are reversely pumped to the detector. In this procedure the injected samples are pumped into the reaction loop of a 6-way valve, then the valve is rotated to reverse the flow and the sample/reagent plug is pumped to the detector by another pump. The dispersion of the sample zone is low and the consumption of the reagent is very small. Therefore, its analytical potential for analysis with expensive reagents or long reaction times is high. The procedure has been applied to the determination of glucose in serum with an enzyme kit.
ABSTRACT
A modified flow-injection solvent extraction procedure involving a phase-separator column has been developed. The main feature is the selective absorption of the injected aqueous phase by the separator column. The procedure is in effect a variety of liquid-liquid partition or affinity chromatography.
ABSTRACT
By use of a multifunction pump delivery system with which any flow patterns are easily programmed, the potential of the flow-gradient function in FIA has been investigated. The mechanical stability and reproducibility of the pump system are very high because of the use of a central programming unit, and this enabled further and closer investigation of the function. A new parameter (dispersion volume) is proposed for evaluation of flow-gradient systems.
