Facteurs associés à l'équilibre du traitement antivitamine K au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Objectif : Cette étude avait pour objectif d'étudier les facteurs associés à l'équilibre du traitement antivitamine K(AVK) chez les patients suivis au service de cardiologie du CHU-YO.Méthodologie : Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective à visée analytique qui a recensé pendant une période de 3 mois les patients sous traitement AVK dans le service de cardiologie du CHU-YO. N'ont pas été inclus les patients dont les résultats des contrôles INR des 3 derniers mois ne figuraient pas dans le carnet de suivi. Le logiciel Epi info version 3.5 a servi à l'analyse statistique et le test de Khi2 à la comparaison au seuil de 0,05.Résultats : Nous avons colligé 193 patients. L'âge moyen était de 53 ans avec des extrêmes entre 14 et 95 ans. L'INR était stable dans 40% des cas et un accident hémorragique sous AVK a été observé dans 12%. Il y avait une prédominance non-significative de la proportion d'INR stable chez les patients qui avaient la possibilité de réaliser l'examen en leur lieu de résidence (40,7% vs 37,7%). La proportion d'INR stable était plus élevée chez les patients qui avaient un niveau d'instruction inférieur au secondaire (43% vs 35%) sans association statistique significative (p = 0,60). La proportion d'INR stable était plus élevée chez les patients sous traitement depuis au moins un an (45% vs 35%) sans association significative (p = 0,06). Les comorbidités ont été retrouvées dans 14% des cas sans association statistique avec la survenue d'un événement hémorragique. Le régime alimentaire pauvre en vitamine K a été institué chez 86% des patients, mais sans corrélation avec la stabilité de l'INR. Le bon niveau d'éducation thérapeutique était significativement associé au bon équilibre du traitement aux AVK (P = 0,0002). Conclusion : La qualité de l'éducation thérapeutique est l'élément clé du bon équilibre du traitement AVK au CHU-YO, d'où l'intérêt d'y mettre l'accent

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA diversity in Burkina Faso populations confirms the maternal genetic homogeneity of the West African goat.

To date, no comprehensive study has been performed on mitochondrial genetic diversity of the West African goat. Here, we analysed a 481-bp fragment of the HVI region of 111 goats representing four native West African populations, namely the three main Burkina Faso breeds, zoo-farm kept Dwarf goats and endangered Spanish goat breeds used as the outgroup. Analyses gave 83 different haplotypes with 102 variable sites. Most haplotypes (65) were unique. Only three haplotypes were shared between populations. Haplotypes were assigned to cluster A except for H45 (belonging to the Spanish Bermeya goat) which was assigned to cluster C. amova analysis showed that divergence between groups (Phi(CT)) was not statistically significant regardless of whether the partition in two hierarchical levels that was fitted included Spanish samples or not. The West African goat scenario shown here is consistent with that previously reported for the species: haplogroup A is predominant and has a very high haplotype diversity regardless of the geographic area or sampled breed. The large phenotypic differences observable between the West African Dwarf and Sahelian long-legged goat populations are not detectable with mitochondrial markers. Moreover, a previously suggested introgression of Sahelian goat southwards because of desertification could not be assessed using mtDNA information.

Hypothyroidism induces type I iodothyronine deiodinase expression in tilapia liver.

In the current study, the authors examined the effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism and growth in two closely related tilapia species: the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the slower growing black tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron). Hypothyroidism, induced by administration of 0.2% methimazole through the food, significantly decreased plasma T(3) and T(4) in both species. This decrease in circulating thyroid hormones was accompanied by an increase in hepatic type II deiodinase (D2) and a decrease in hepatic type III deiodinase (D3). Hepatic type I deiodinase (D1), which is barely expressed in euthyroid tilapia, was significantly upregulated during hypothyroidism. The changes in hepatic D1 and D2 enzyme activity were paralleled by changes in D1 and D2 mRNA levels, indicating pretranslational regulation. Hypothyroidism also resulted in severe growth retardation that was accompanied by an increase in condition factor. Because hyperthyroidism has been shown to decrease the condition factor, these results suggest that thyroid hormones play an essential role in the control of proportional body growth in fish. The authors conclude that (1) hepatic D1 expression is induced by hypothyroidism in tilapia, (2) the changes in hepatic iodothyronine deiodinases during hypothyroidism in tilapia are predominantly regulated at a pretranslational level, and (3) thyroid hormones are involved in the control of proportional body growth in fish.

Feeding behaviour and food utilisation in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: effect of sex ratio and relationship with the endocrine status.

The feeding behaviour of male monosex, female monosex, and mixed groups of Oreochromis niloticus was studied under conditions of self-feeding. Feeding activity was observed almost exclusively during the light period. The food intake pattern was similar whatever the sex ratio, and voluntary food intake (VFI) appeared lower in the male monosex groups than in the others. Male monosex groups displayed higher specific growth rates (SGR) and a lower food conversion ratio than female monosex and mixed groups. The SGR of males was higher in the monosex than in the mixed groups, whereas females of mixed and monosex groups displayed no significant difference in SGR. The efficiency of food utilisation was also analysed: nutrient retention ratios were higher in male monosex than in female monosex and mixed groups. Males displayed a distinctly higher metabolic capacity. Differences in sex-related hormones (11 ketotestosterone = 11-KT, 17beta-Oestradiol = 17beta-E2) and a metabolic hormone (triiodothyronine = T3) were observed between males and females. The hypothesis of an involvement of these hormones in the higher metabolic capacity of males is discussed. The observed differences in feeding behaviour between the different groups also suggest an effect of social interactions on the efficiency of food conversion and thus on the differential growth of males and females.

Consequences of food restriction on short-term growth variation and on plasma circulating hormones in Oreochromis niloticus in relation to sex.

In tilapia, there is a sex-related growth difference between males and females. This study tried to detect any correlation between the somatic growth and the plasma endocrine status. For this, individually marked (Floytags) male and female tilapia (BW 82 +/- 10 g) were either starved or fed on different daily food rations (1, 2, or 3% of the biomass) during 15 days. We have found that specific growth rates (SGR) were positively and significantly related to feeding levels. Growth hormone (GH) plasma levels tended to increase with the decrease in food levels, and thus with the decrease in growth rate. No significant correlation was found between GH levels and SGR. Triiodothyronine (T3) levels in well-fed fish were higher than those in restricted fish (0 and 1%), but no differences in thyroxine (T4) levels were observed. No significant relationship was found between plasma levels of steroid hormones and feeding ration, even though 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels tended to increase with the ration in fed males. SGR were not significantly different between males and females at the same feeding level, but taken as a whole, they were significantly different in favor of males (P < 0.05). There was no important difference in GH levels between the two sexes. Steroid hormones were, in general, higher in males for 11-KT and in females for 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta-E2). Males and females exhibited significant differences in T3 levels (respectively 4.25 +/- 0.18 and 2.71 +/- 0.09 pmol/ml), whatever the food ration, but no significant differences in T4 levels were observed except in the high-ration group. The correlation between T3 levels and SGR was low but stronger in males (r2 = 0.21; n = 90) than in females (r2 = 0.10; n = 105). The slope of the log-log regression of T3 levels with body weight was much lower in females (b = 0.87) than in males (b = 1.31). This relationship suggests the involvement of T3 in tilapia growth and probably in the differential growth between males and females. In both males and females, a significant but low correlation was observed between T3 and 11-KT levels (respectively r2 = 0.12; n = 82 and r2 = 0.08; n = 89), while no correlation was found between the levels of T3 and 17 beta-E2. T3 plasma levels were found to be the most different parameter between males and females. This hormone seemed to be involved in the control of somatic growth, and could explain the differential growth rate between males and females.