Cytotoxicity evaluation of three light-cured dentin adhesive materials on human gingival fibroblasts, ex vivo.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of three current light-cured dentin adhesives, in both uncured and post-cured conditions, on human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The materials tested were Heliobond, Adper Single Bond 2 and Xeno V, which are characterized by various compositions and application procedures. Each agent, in volumes of 5 and 10 µL, was tested after polymerization, and those unpolymerized were diluted in DMEM to 10-3 and 10-5. The cytotoxicity of the adhesives was assessed on the basis of a test of cell viability in a culture of human gingival fibroblasts, with the use of tetrazolic salt (MTT assay). RESULTS: The results showed that, among the adhesive/bonding systems tested, Xeno V was the least cytotoxic. There were statistically significant differences in cell survival between polymerized Xeno V, Adper Single Bond 2 and Heliobond in the amount of 5 µL as well as between the Xeno V and Adper Single Bond 2 in 10-5 dilutions. The tested adhesives were more toxic in the polymerized form than in the dilutions. Samples of 10 µL resulted in a lower survival percentage of fibroblasts compared to 5 µL. CONCLUSION: All the tested adhesives demonstrated cytopathic effects towards human gingival fibroblasts, but varied in their cytotoxicity. This has clinical implications. Dentists should follow the rules of adhesive application, precisely dose them and not allow direct contact with the gums as, even after polymerization, adhesive agents exhibit potential cytotoxic activity.

New endodontic obturation systems and their interfacial bond strength with intraradicular dentine - ex vivo studies.

PURPOSE: To comparatively evaluate adhesive properties of selected root canal fillings through the measurement of the material-dentine interfacial bond strength. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty extracted single-rooted human teeth with one canal each were prepared using Hero instruments to size 30.04. Teeth were divided into four subgroups depending on the root canal filling material and the method of obturation: Resilon/Epiphany - a thermoplastic method (IA), Resilon/Epiphany - a matching single-point method (IB), gutta-percha/Roeko Seal Automix - a thermoplastic method (IIA) and gutta-percha/Roeko Seal Automix - a matching single-point method (IIB). The obturated roots were cut perpendicular to the long axis to create 1.7 mm thick slices. The bond strength was measured for each test slice with push -out testing machine. RESULTS: The highest push-out bond strength was registered in subgroup IB (3.98 ± 1.33 MPa). Significantly lower bond strength was observed in subgroups IA (0.50 ± 0.24 MPa), IIA (0.33 ± 0.18 MPa) and IIB (0.08 ± 0.03 MPa) (p<0.001). No statistically significant differences in material-dentine interfacial bond strength values were observed between IA and IIA, IA and IIB, IIA and IIB subgroups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The push-out bond strength of the material-dentine interface was dependent on the type of material used and the root canal filling technique. The R/E system exhibited better adhesion ability to intraradicular dentine than G/RSA. The highest bond strength was observed for Resilon/Epiphany introduced with the single-cone technique.

Occurrence rate of oral Candida albicans in denture wearer patients.

PURPOSE: The aim was to determine the fungi occurrence rate in the oral cavity of denture wearer patients in comparison to those without dentures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examinations were conducted in patients treated in two clinical departments of the University Hospital. Demographic data and those connected with basic diseases were collected and the evaluation concerning dentition and oral hygiene was performed. Samples for mycological examinations from the tongue dorsa, palatal mucosa, and mucosal surfaces of dentures were collected from patients with dentures while tongue and palate swabs were taken from those without dentures. For culture and identify of fungi standard methods were used. RESULTS: Dental and mycological examinations were performed in 95 patients, out of which 57 (60.0%) used complete or partial dentures and 38 (40.0%) had their own dentition (without dentures). Oral cavity revealed only growth of Candida albicans species, more frequently in patients with dentures (38/57; 66.7%) than in those without dentures (11/ 38; 28.9%) (p = 0.0003). C. albicans statistically significantly more frequently was isolated in denture wearer patients with diabetes mellitus (p = 0.0207) and without diabetes (p = 0.0376) comparing to such groups of patients but without dentures. Among 32 patients with diabetes mellitus, 14 (43.8%) revealed C. albicans; this rate was comparable with 9/23 (39.1%) patients without diabetes (p > 0.05). A similar analysis, conducted in 25 surgical patients with abdominal cancer and 15--without--cancers, did not show statistically significant differences in the incidence rate of C. albicans; it also concerned denture wearers (14/16; 87.5%) and non-wearing dentures (5/9; 55.6%) (p > 0.05) with cancer. In 37 (64.9%) wearer patients denture stomatitis was observed, associated mainly with C. albicans infections (29/37; 78.4%). CONCLUSIONS: 1) Mycological findings from the present study do not indicate that diabetes mellitus or advanced cancer has a significant effect on oral colonisation by Candida albicans or other species of Candida genus. 2) The occurrence rate of oral Candida albicans in patients with dentures (diabetic and non-diabetic, cancer and non-cancer patients) was higher than in patients without dentures (p < 0.05).

Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in subgingival and supragingival plaques of adult patients with periodontal disease.

PURPOSE: Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological examinations of adult patients with periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study of population consisted of 21 subjects (13 female and 8 male) aged 38-58 years, treated in the Outpatient Department of Periodontology. Dental examinations were performed at an artificial light and using a WHO periodontometer, a mirror and a probe. Periodontal status was assessed by determination of the probing pocket depth (CPI), gingival state (GSBI according to Mühlemann and Son), and oral hygiene index (according to Silness and Löe). Material for microbiological examination was collected from subgingival and supragingival plaques of each patient. Additionally, pus was obtained from 8 patients and periodontal pocket fluid from 2 patients. The samples were examined for the presence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and Candida yeasts. Standard procedures were used for culture and identification of bacteria and fungi. RESULTS: Candida yeasts were not isolated from adults with periodontal disease. In 19/21 patients, cultures of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from subgingival and supragingival plaque samples were positive. A total of 42 bacterial strains were isolated from subgingival plaques, of which 24 (57.1%) belonged to 7 anaerobic species and 18 (42.9%) to 12 aerobic species (p > 0.05). There were more aerobic (33/53; 62.3%) than anaerobic bacteria (20/53; 37.7%) (p < 0.05) in supragingival plaques. Anaerobes were isolated more frequently than aerobes from the abscess (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: 1) In adult patients with periodontal disease, Gram-positive anaerobes, including Peptostreptococcus, were the predominant bacteria in the subgingival plaque. 2) While in the supragingival plaque, Gram-positive aerobic cocci (Streptococcus and Staphylococcus) were predominant.

Aerobic bacteria in the oral cavity of patients with removable dentures.

PURPOSE: Determination of bacterial composition in the oral cavity of patients with removable dentures and with own dentition (without dentures). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bacteriological investigations were performed in 55 patients from the department of internal medicine (32 diabetic patients) and 40 patients treated in surgical department (25 patients with malignancy). Palate mucosa and tongue dorsa swabs were collected from two groups of patients, and additionally swabs from mucosal part of denture surfaces in prosthetic patients. Cultures in oxygenic and microaerophilic (5% CO2) conditions were conducted on solid non-selective and selective media as well as media enriched with 5% sheep blood. Standard procedures of bacterial culture and identification were applied. RESULTS: Among 95 of examined patients, 57 (60.0%) with removable dentures and 38 (40.0%) had their own dentition. As far as prosthetic patients were concerned, the rate of bacterial isolations from palate, tongue dorsa and denture plaque swabs were generally comparable (p > 0.05); in number and species compositions. Statistically significant differences were observed in the bacterial composition of denture plaques, palate and tongue dorsa in patients with and without abdominal cancers. Patients without cancer did not reveal staphylococci and enteric bacteria in the samples from a various sites of their oral cavities. These bacteria were most common in cancer patients. Similar (in number and species) composition of bacteria occurred in palate and tongue swabs in patients without dentures (p > 0.05). The incidence rate of aerobic bacteria in denture plaques and palatal mucosa of patients with (37/57; 64.9%) and without (20/57; 35.1%) denture associated stomatitis were comparable (except for Neisseria spp.). CONCLUSIONS: 1) Generally, there were no statistically significant differences in species composition of bacteria isolated from the hard palate and tongue dorsa in patients with and without removable dentures. 2) Staphylococcus spp. and Gram-negative enteric bacilli were isolated more often from denture plaque, palate and tongue dorsa of cancer patients than from patients without cancer (p < 0.05). 3) Staphylococcus spp. was isolated more frequently from denture plaques of diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients (p < 0.05). 4) No significant differences observed in isolation frequencies (%) of aerobic bacteria in denture plaques and palatal mucosa of patients with and without denture associated stomatitis.

The clinical and radiological assessment of periodontal bone loss treatment using Emdogain.

UNLABELLED: ADMISSION: Emdogain is the only one biomaterial using biomicra effect which is practiced in periodontal surgery. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was a clinical and radiological assessment of bone loss treatment using Emdogain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: There were 19 persons examined (11 women and 8 men) which have bone loss treated. Initial and monitoring examination after 10 months embraced clinical parameters such as PPD, CAL and radiological--based on intraoral x-ray pictures. Emdogain treatment was made according to surgical procedures. RESULTS: The research has shown reduction of the depth of periodontal pockets average about 3.4 mm and attachment connective tissue growth about 2.2 mm. Bone loss filling was on 67.1% level. DISCUSSION: Bone loss filling and growth of connective tissue attachment are in our research lower than in most of the others publications. Our observation concerned 10 months period so we should expect better effects after longer time. MOTIONS: Emdogain is safe and effective regeneration material.

The clinical assessment of mobile teeth stabilization with Fibre-Kor.

PURPOSE: A glass fiber tapes are used in periodontal diseases to stabilize mobile teeth. The purpose of this project was to make a clinical appraisal of teeth stabilization which were using Fibre-Kor splinting. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 56 patients 35-67 year old were examined. There were made 162 teeth blocks using Fibre-Kor as reinforcement and Flow-It material as matrix. After 10 months clinical parameters such as: PI, SBI, GI and periodontal pocket were checked. RESULTS: Periodontal pockets depth decreased average by 0.58 mm after teeth stabilization. Bleeding index and inflammation of gums fall average by 2.55 and 1.95. The average oral cavity hygiene improved and achieved 1.46. CONCLUSION: The Fibre-Kor splint is an esthetic and functional solution of mobile teeth stabilization, and is a part of the specialist periodontal treatment.

Incidence rate of Candida species in the oral cavity of middle-aged and elderly subjects.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence rate of oral Candida species in middle-aged and elderly subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study carried out in 103 adults aged 35-92 years, in which 32 (31.1%) used complet or partial acrylic dentures. Mycological tests were performed by using culture (Sabouraud agar) and API 20C AUX (bioMérieux) for identification of the species level. Material for analysis included swabs taken from the palate mucosa and mucosal part of denture surfaces in denture wearers, as well as, from tooth surface and/or dentine carious lesions. The dental caries status of each patients was evaluated using DMF index (WHO 1986 criteria). RESULTS: Yeasts of Candida genus were isolated in 65/103 (63.1%) adults. The incidence rate of Candida spp. was higher in adults without dentures (46/71; 64.8%) compared to denture wearers (19/32; 59.4%); however, the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.59 > p = 0.05). Candida albicans were the most frequently isolated species, and with a comparable rate (p = 0.06), both in adults with and without dentures (17/32; 53.1% and 38/71; 53.5%, respectively). In 3 individuals without dentures, two other species were found apart from C. albicans, namely C. glabrata (2x) and C. krusei (1x). In a total of 11/49 (22.5%) strains belonging to 5 non-C. albicans species were detected in adults without dentures, while in denture wearers only 2/19 (10.5%) other species were found (C. krusei and C. oralis) (p = 0.26 > p = 0.05). Strains of C. glabrata species were isolated only from the elderly. No significant differences were noted in the incidence of Candida spp. between middle-aged subjects (35-44 years) (35/52; 67.3%) and the elderly (> 55 years) (30/51; 58.8%) (p > 0.05), both in denture wearers and non-denture wearing subjects. However, the frequency of oral Candida spp. strains was increased in advanced age subgroup 71-92 years (74.2%) compared with 56-70 years (35.0%) of elderly subjects (p < 0.05), only in denture wearers (30.0% vs 5.0%) (p < 0.05). The sex and DMF index distribution of both subject groups had no significant influence on the numbers of Candida spp. detected. CONCLUSIONS: Yeasts of the genus Candida were isolated at a comparable rate (p > 0.05) from the oral cavity of adults with and without dentures, as well as in middle-aged (35-44 years) and elderly subjects (56-92 years). However, a significant difference was observed only between elderly subgroups aged 56-70 (35%) and advanced age subgroup 71-92 years (74%).

Microorganisms in root carious lesions in adults.

PURPOSE: Root caries is emerging as a significant problem in the middle aged and elderly subjects because of the improving general health conditions, and medical and technological advances. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the prevalence of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as yeasts of Candida genus in root carious lesions in middle-aged and older adults. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens of root carious lesions were collected from 78 adults for bacteriological and mycological studies. Standard procedures of culture, isolation, and identification of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and fungi were used in the study. RESULTS: The analysis of results was performed independently in two age groups of adults, i.e. 52 subjects aged 35-44 years (middle age) and 26-aged 55-72 years (older age). There were 120 bacterial strains isolated from root carious lesions in middle-aged subjects, 63 (52.5%) strains belonged to 5 genera of aerobic bacteria and 57 (47.5%)--to 7 genera of anaerobic bacteria (p > 0.05). While in the second group, 85 strains were isolated, 54 (63.5%)--6 genera of aerobic bacteria and 31 (36.5%)--4 genera of anaerobic bacteria (p = 0.0004). There were no differences between the isolation rate of a various species in both examined groups, except for Streptococcus spp., S. oralis, Micrococcus spp., Neisseria spp. and Veillonella spp., which statistically significantly most frequent occurred in elderly (p < 0.05). The yeasts of Candida genus of 4 species (C. albicans, C. lusitaniae, C. pelliculosa, and C. pulcherrima) were isolated from middle-aged subjects (32.7%) with the comparable rate to older adults (30.8%; only C. albicans) (p > 0.05). Among all isolated microorganisms, Candida spp., were comprised about 10% in both examined groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp.) as well as anaerobic ones (Peptostreptococcus spp.), and Candida albicans were occurred most frequently in root carious lesions in middle-aged and older adults.

[The application of membranes and bone substitutes in periodontology]. / Zastosowanie blon i substytutów kosci w periodontologii.

The purpose of the article is to present the repair potential of periodontal tissues using guided bone regeneration. Indications, operating methods, effects of membranes and bone substitutes implantation are presented.