Navigating power dynamics between pharmacy preceptors and learners.

Pharmacy preceptors are crucial in pharmacy experiential education. They help develop learners during didactic learning, experiential learning, and post-graduate training. Preceptors hold a position of authority over learners as they are responsible for providing feedback and ultimately completing evaluations that determine whether the student passes or does not pass the rotation. Preceptor status, behavior, and communication style may cause students to feel intimidated. Preceptors should be aware of this power differential and keep generational, gender, cultural, and other factors in mind when providing feedback. Preceptors should also receive training and be open to constructive feedback from learners to ensure the experience meets the needs of the learner and allow for adjustments on the experiential rotation. Students should be empowered to provide open and honest feedback to preceptors in a psychologically safe environment without fear of repercussions.

Occlusal asymmetries in children with congenital hip dislocation.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has been associated with other congenital postural deformities and associated with asymmetric features in the body. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between developmental DDH and malocclusions in preschool and school children. The subjects were 60 children (40 girls and 20 boys) born during 1997-2001 in Northern Ostrobothnia Hospital District and having developmental DDH and treated by Von Rosen method. The control group consisted of 71 Finnish children (46 girls and 25 boys) matched by age and gender. Children participated the cross-sectional study at the age of 5-10 years; the mean age of the DDH children was 8.0 (SD 1.4) and controls 7.9 (SD 1.4) years. Dental examinations, intra-oral photographs, and clinical examination including growth measurements were carried out. The DDH children had significantly more lateral crossbites than controls (30/9.9 per cent; P < 0.003). Overall, 77.8 per cent of cases were unilateral crossbites and found more on the right side (50 per cent) compared to the left side (22.2 per cent). Girls had more crossbite compared to boys (77.8/22.2 per cent; odds ratio 2.53). Children with congenital hip dislocation are more predisposed to the asymmetric growth of occlusion and the development of crossbite. The genetic and environmental factors including intrauterine conditions in addition to the splint therapy may be possible influencing factors. This study will give additional information of the development of occlusal asymmetries and the multifactorial nature of the aetiology of lateral malocclusions.

3-D analysis of facial asymmetry in children with hip dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether facial asymmetry existed in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects consisted of children between ages 5 and 10 years having DDH, and treated by the Von Rosen splint method. Three-dimensional (3-D) facial photographs were taken on all subjects using the 3dMDface system. Using RF6 PP2 software, anthropometric landmarks were plotted and used to calculate asymmetry based on 3-D coordinates in a reference framework. RESULTS: Of a total of 60 subjects with a mean age of 8 years (SD, 1.4 years), 30 had dysplasia of the left hip; 13, of the right; and 17 were bilateral. Twenty-seven subjects had upper face (UF) dominance values of 2 mm or more; of those, 26 were right-side dominant. Twenty-four subjects (40%) had a chin-point (CP) deviation of 2 mm or more; of those, 21 had right-side deviations. Statistically, UF and CP deviations were not significantly independent of each other (P > .05). Thirty percent of subjects had a posterior dental crossbite. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that facial asymmetry exists in patients with DDH.