ABSTRACT
The insolubility of cellulose in ambient water and most aqueous systems presents a major scientific and practical challenge. Intriguingly though, the dissolution of cellulose has been reported to occur in supercritical water. In this study, cellulose solubility in ambient and supercritical water of varying density (0.2, 0.7, and 1.0 g cm(-3)) was studied by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations using the CHARMM36 force field and TIP3P water. The Gibbs energy of dissolution was determined between a nanocrystal (4 × 4 × 20 anhydroglucose residues) and a fully dissociated state using the two-phase thermodynamics model. The analysis of Gibbs energy suggested that cellulose is soluble in supercritical water at each of the studied densities and that cellulose dissolution is typically driven by the entropy gain upon the chain dissociation while simultaneously hindered by the loss of solvent entropy. Chain dissociation caused density augmentation around the cellulose chains, which improved water-water bonding in low density supercritical water whereas the opposite occurred in ambient and high density supercritical water.
Subject(s)
Cellulose/chemistry , Water/chemistry , Entropy , Hydrogen Bonding , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Pressure , Solubility , Solvents/chemistry , TemperatureABSTRACT
Microcrystalline cellulose was treated in supercritical water at 380 °C and at a pressure of 250 bar for 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6s. The yield of the ambient-water-insoluble precipitate and its average molar mass decreased with an extended treatment time. The highest yield of 42 wt% for DP2-9 cello-oligosaccharides was achieved after the 0.4s treatment. The reaction products included also 11 wt% ambient-water-insoluble precipitate with a DP(w) of 16, and 6.1 wt% monomeric sugars, and 37 wt% unidentified degradation products. Oligo- and monosaccharide-derived dehydration and retro-aldol fragmentation products were analyzed via a combination of HPAEC-PAD-MS, ESI-MS/MS, and GC-MS techniques. The total amount of degradation products increased with treatment time, and fragmented (glucosyl(n)-erythrose, glucosyl(n)-glycolaldehyde), and dehydrated (glucosyl(n)-levoglucosan) were identified as the main oligomeric degradation products from the cello-oligosaccharides.
Subject(s)
Cellulose/chemistry , Oligosaccharides/chemistry , Water Purification/methods , Water/chemistry , Chemical Precipitation , Pressure , Solubility , TemperatureABSTRACT
The potential of hot water extraction of birch wood to produce highly purified dissolving pulp in a subsequent soda-anthraquinone pulping process was evaluated. After intermediate extraction intensities, pulps with low xylan content (3-5%) and high cellulose yield were successfully produced. Increasing extraction intensity further decreased the xylan content in pulp. However, below a xylan content of 3%, the cellulose yield dramatically decreased. This is believed to be due to cleavage of glycosidic bonds in cellulose during severe hot water extractions, followed by peeling reactions during alkaline pulping. Addition of sodium borohydride as well as increased anthraquinone concentration in the pulping liquor increased the cellulose yield, but had no clear effects on pulp purity and viscosity. The low intrinsic viscosity of pulps produced after severe extraction intensities and soda-anthraquinone pulping corresponded to the viscosity at the leveling-off degree of polymerization, suggesting that nearly all amorphous cellulose had been degraded.
Subject(s)
Betula/chemistry , Cellulose/chemistry , Hot Temperature , Sodium Hydroxide/chemistry , Water/chemistry , Wood/chemistry , Anthraquinones , Hydrolysis , Molecular Weight , ViscosityABSTRACT
Subcritical water is a high potential green chemical for the hydrolysis of cellulose. In this study microcrystalline cellulose was treated in subcritical water to study structural changes of the cellulose residues. The alterations in particle size and appearance were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and those in the degree of polymerization (DP) and molar mass distributions by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Further, changes in crystallinity and crystallite dimensions were quantified by wide-angle X-ray scattering and (13)C solid-state NMR. The results showed that the crystallinity remained practically unchanged throughout the treatment, whereas the size of the remaining cellulose crystallites increased. Microcrystalline cellulose underwent significant depolymerization in subcritical water. However, depolymerization leveled off at a relatively high degree of polymerization. The molar mass distributions of the residues showed a bimodal form. We infer that cellulose gets dissolved in subcritical water only after extensive depolymerization.
