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1.
J Vet Diagn Invest ; 31(5): 742-746, 2019 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31378166

ABSTRACT

To date, there is no clear standard to monitor drug treatment for canine Chagas disease. We used 2 real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays targeting Trypanosoma cruzi kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and nuclear satellite DNA (nDNA) to detect T. cruzi in canine whole blood. Samples were collected randomly from 131 untreated dogs with unknown T. cruzi infection status in Texas. The kDNA-based rtPCR was slightly more sensitive (diagnostic sensitivity of kDNA = 49% vs. nDNA = 44%; p = 0.5732) but slightly less specific (diagnostic specificity of kDNA = 96% vs. nDNA = 97%; p > 0.9999) than the nDNA-based rtPCR. However, the differences in sensitivity and specificity between the nDNA- and kDNA-based rtPCR assays were not statistically significant. Using the nDNA- and kDNA-based qualitative rtPCR assays to monitor parasitemia from 137 itraconazole- and amiodarone-treated cases with nDNA- and kDNA-based PCR-positive baselines showed that the PCR positive rate decreased to 0% in 30 d. Using kDNA-based quantitative rtPCR to monitor normalized T. cruzi DNA copies in 4 representative dogs demonstrated that drug treatment could reduce parasite loads within 7-30 d. The kDNA-based qualitative rtPCR may be used for routine parasitemia screening of drug-treated Chagas-positive dogs, whereas nDNA-based qualitative rtPCR may be used for confirmation.


Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/prevention & control , DNA, Protozoan/blood , Dog Diseases/prevention & control , Parasitemia/drug therapy , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Trypanocidal Agents/therapeutic use , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification , Amiodarone/therapeutic use , Animals , DNA, Kinetoplast/blood , DNA, Satellite/blood , Dogs , Itraconazole/therapeutic use , Parasitemia/parasitology , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sensitivity and Specificity , Texas
2.
J Gen Virol ; 97(11): 3017-3023, 2016 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27609630

ABSTRACT

A new simian retrovirus (SRV) subtype was discovered in China and the USA from Cambodian-origin cynomolgus monkeys. Histopathological examination from necropsied animals showed multifocal lymphoplasmacystic and histocytic inflammation. The complete genome sequences demonstrated that the US virus isolates were nearly identical (99.91-99.93 %) and differed only slightly (99.13-99.16 % identical) from the China isolate. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the new virus isolates formed a distinct branch of SRV-1 through -7, and therefore were named this subtype, SRV-8. This SRV-8 variant was also phylogenetically and serologically more closely related to SRV-4 than any other SRV subtype.


Subject(s)
Monkey Diseases/virology , Retroviridae Infections/veterinary , Retroviruses, Simian/isolation & purification , Animals , Macaca fascicularis/virology , Open Reading Frames , Phylogeny , Retroviridae Infections/virology , Retroviruses, Simian/classification , Retroviruses, Simian/genetics , Viral Proteins/genetics
3.
Vet Microbiol ; 166(3-4): 681-5, 2013 Oct 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23932075

ABSTRACT

Fatal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques was diagnosed based upon pathology, microbiology and PCR for this study. Pathological findings included acute, erosive to ulcerative, necrohemorrhagic enterocolitis. Genotyping by PCR showed an O:3 pattern (gmd-fcl(+), ddhC-prt(+), manB(+), ddhA-B(+)), but an additional gene, wbyK, was detected. This is the second report to identify wbyK+ O:3 genotype as the cause of fatal yersiniosis. The first case was reported in 2008, and involved farm deer in the U.S. As the frequency of wbyK+ O:3 genotype is found more often in different carriers, O:3 genotype is proposed to be divided into two subtypes: O:3a without wbyK and O:3b with wbyK. Virulence gene analysis showed the presence of inv, ypmC, irp1, ybtP-ybtQ, yadA, yopB, yopH, lcrF, and suggested that this O:3b isolate could be a highly pathogenic strain to cynomolgus macaques.


Subject(s)
Macaca/microbiology , Monkey Diseases/microbiology , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections/veterinary , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/isolation & purification , Animals , Genotype , Monkey Diseases/mortality , Virulence , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/genetics , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/pathogenicity , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections/microbiology , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections/mortality
4.
Arch Virol ; 156(11): 2053-6, 2011 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21779910

ABSTRACT

The nature of SRV-4 infection in cynomolgus macaques remains unclear to date. Here, we report the monitoring of 24 cynomolgus monkeys that were naturally infected with SRV-4 for virus isolation, proviral load and antibody. The results indicated that the SRV-4 antibody status was statistically correlated to environmental temperature.


Subject(s)
Antibodies, Viral/immunology , Monkey Diseases/immunology , Monkey Diseases/virology , Retroviridae Infections/veterinary , Retroviruses, Simian/immunology , Animals , Macaca fascicularis , Molecular Sequence Data , Retroviridae Infections/immunology , Retroviridae Infections/virology , Retroviruses, Simian/genetics , Retroviruses, Simian/isolation & purification , Retroviruses, Simian/physiology
5.
Virology ; 405(2): 390-6, 2010 Sep 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20615522

ABSTRACT

At least 5 serotypes of exogenous simian retrovirus type D (SRV/D) have been found in nonhuman primates, but only SRV-1, 2 and 3 have been completely sequenced. SRV-4 was recovered once from cynomolgus macaques in California in 1984, but its genome sequences are unknown. Here we report the second identification of SRV-4 and its complete genome from infected cynomolgus macaques with Indochinese and Indonesian/Indochinese mixed ancestry. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that SRV-4 was distantly related to SRV-1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. SRV/D-T, a new SRV/D recovered in 2005 from cynomolgus monkeys at Tsukuba Primate Center in Japan, clustered with the SRV-4 isolates from California and Texas and was shown to be another occurrence of SRV-4 infection. The repeated occurrence of SRV-4 in cynomolgus monkeys in different areas of the world and across 25years suggests that this species is the natural host of SRV-4.


Subject(s)
Genome, Viral , Macaca fascicularis/virology , Monkey Diseases/virology , Retroviridae Infections/veterinary , Retroviruses, Simian/genetics , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Tumor Virus Infections/veterinary , Animals , California , Japan , Molecular Sequence Data , Retroviridae Infections/virology , Retroviruses, Simian/classification , Retroviruses, Simian/isolation & purification , Texas , Tumor Virus Infections/virology , Viral Proteins/genetics
6.
Immunology ; 118(4): 520-6, 2006 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16895559

ABSTRACT

Mice deficient in RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR-/-) or deficient in PKR and a functional 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) pathway (PKR/RL-/-) are more susceptible to genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection than wild-type mice or mice that are deficient only in a functional OAS pathway (RL-/-) as measured by survival over 30 days. The increase in susceptibility correlated with an increase in virus titre recovered from vaginal tissue or brainstem of infected mice during acute infection. There was also an increase in CD45+ cells and CD8+ T cells residing in the central nervous system of HSV-2-infected PKR/RL-/- mice in comparison with RL-/- or wild-type control animals. In contrast, there was a reduction in the HSV-specific CD8+ T cells within the draining lymph node of the PKR/RL-/- mice. Collectively, activation of PKR, but not of OAS, contributes significantly to the local control and spread of HSV-2 following genital infection.


Subject(s)
Herpes Genitalis/enzymology , Herpesvirus 2, Human , eIF-2 Kinase/genetics , 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/metabolism , Animals , Brain Stem/virology , CD3 Complex/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Chemokine CCL3 , Chemokine CCL4 , Chemokines, CC/analysis , Disease Susceptibility , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods , Female , Flow Cytometry/methods , Herpes Genitalis/immunology , Interferon-gamma/analysis , Lymph Nodes/immunology , Lymphocyte Count , Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/analysis , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Spinal Cord/virology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
7.
J Virol ; 79(14): 9341-5, 2005 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15994831

ABSTRACT

We investigated the mechanism of resistance to genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in mice transfected with the murine alpha-1 interferon (IFN-alpha1) transgene. In situ transfection of mice with the IFN-alpha1 transgene resulted in an elevation in an IFN-responsive gene, RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), but not 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS), in vaginal tissue. Coupled with the finding that mice lacking a functional PKR pathway were no longer resistant to genital HSV-2 infection following transfection with the IFN-alpha1 transgene in comparison to wild-type mice or mice lacking a functional OAS pathway, these results suggest that PKR is the dominant antiviral pathway activated by the IFN-alpha1 transgene.


Subject(s)
Herpes Genitalis/immunology , Interferon-alpha/physiology , eIF-2 Kinase/physiology , Animals , Interferon-alpha/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Inbred ICR , Transfection , Transgenes
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