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1.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 77(1): 48-57, mar. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-740249

ABSTRACT

La Terapia de Rehidratación Oral (TRO) se ha convertido en las últimas décadas en la piedra angular del tratamiento de las enfermedades diarreicas, constituyendo un gran avance para tratar en forma segura y eficaz la deshidratación producida por diarrea de diversas etiologías en todas las edades, excepto cuando la deshidratación es grave. La composición de las soluciones de rehidratación oral (SRO) ha sido objeto de controversias relacionadas con el contenido de electrolitos, bicarbonato, osmolaridad, transportadores, y micronutrientes. Sin embargo, los resultados de investigaciones promovidas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Fondo para la Infancia de las Naciones Unidas (UNICEF) en el año 2001, recomiendan el uso de las SRO de Osmolaridad Reducida (SROOR) ya que estas muestran superioridad significativa, en los resultados clínicos, sobre las SRO estándar (SRO-S). En el texto, a continuación, se describen las bases fisiológicas de la terapia de la rehidratación oral, la composición y características de las SRO, la evaluación clínica de la deshidratación, los planes de hidratación en casos de diarrea, y la terapia de rehidratación oral en el niño desnutrido.


Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) has been in the last decades the corner stone of the therapy for diarrheic diseases, this type of treatment produced a great improvement in safety and efficiency in the therapy of diarrheas of diverse etiologies, in all ages, with the only exception of serious dehydration. The therapy of diarrheas with oral rehydration solutions (ORS) has triggered numerous controversies related to the composition of the solutions on the basis of electrolytes content, sodium bicarbonate, osmolality, transporters, and micronutrients. However, the results of the research conducted, in 2001, by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), recommend the use of the ORS of reduced osmolality (ORS-R), because this kind of therapy shows a meaningful superiority in the clinical outcome of the patients, when compared with the ORS of standard osmolality (ORS-S). In the text, we describe the physiological basis for oral therapy rehydration, the composition and characteristics of ORS, the clinical evaluation of dehydration, different therapy treatments for hydration in diarrheic disease, and the use of therapy of oral rehydration in malnourished infant.

2.
Salus ; 16(1): 33-41, abr. 2012. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-701599

ABSTRACT

La finalidad de este estudio fue determinar la actitud de las madres hacia el cumplimiento del calendario de vacunación de niños menores de 6 años en el servicio de hospitalización del hospital de niños Dr. Jorge Lizarraga, en Valencia, Estado Carabobo. Fue un estudio transversal, descriptivo, no experimental; se aplicó una encuesta, previa validación y consentimiento informado a 71 madres. Los datos fueron tabulados y graficados mostrándose frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes. En los resultados se determinó que 94,4 % de las madres manifestó conocer el calendario de vacunas; 43% negó haber visto o escuchado mensajes sobre vacunación en el último mes; 40,8% desconoce la presencia de nuevas vacunas; 47,9% tiene la creencia de que las vacunas curan enfermedades en sus niños; 25,4% tiene creencias acerca de falsas contraindicaciones en la aplicación de vacunas; 56,3% ha presentado retraso en el cumplimiento de la dosis de alguna vacuna; 97,2% de las madres afirmó que deberían haber más centros de vacunación. En conclusión, se demostró que las madres refieren tener conocimiento acerca del calendario de inmunizaciones de sus hijos; así mismo, se observó falta de información a través de mensajes y/o programas educativos que reciben las madres y desconocimiento de éstas sobre nuevas inmunizaciones. Las madres presentan retraso en el cumplimiento de las vacunas de sus niños. Es necesario reforzar los procesos de educación y promoción de las vacunas, así como también crear más centros de vacunación.


The purpose of this study was to determine the attitude of mothers regarding compliance with the vaccination calendar of children less than 6 years of age in the pediatrics hospitalization service at the children hospital Dr. Jorge Lizarraga, in Valencia, Carabobo State. This was a descriptive cross-sectional, non-experimental study. A survey designed by the author was applied, after validation and informed consent to 71 mothers. The data was displayed in graphs and tabulated showing absolute frequencies and percentage. Results indicated that 94.4% of the mothers was aware of the calendar of vaccines; 43.0% denied having seen or heard messages on vaccination in the last month, at the time of the survey; 40.8% did not know the existence of new vaccines. Also, 47.9% had the belief that vaccines would cure diseases in their children. 25.4% had beliefs about false contraindications in the application of vaccines. 56.3% of the mothers were late at complying with the dose of some vaccine; 97.2% thought that more vaccination centers need to be created. In conclusion, it was shown that mothers are aware of the immunizations calendar of their children; also, a lack of information through educational messages and/or programs that the mothers receive was observed, as well as ignorance of the mothers on the existence of new immunizations. Mothers are late at complying with their children’s vaccines. It is necessary to reinforce the educational process on this issue, as well as the promotion of vaccines. Also, more vaccination centers need to be created.

3.
Clín. investig. arterioscler. (Ed. impr.) ; 24(2): 71-81, mar.-abr. 2012. ilus
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-105078

ABSTRACT

Introducción La ingesta inadecuada de minerales y vitaminas durante el crecimiento se ha convertido en un problema de salud importante en los países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo, particularmente en mujeres embarazadas, lactantes y niños que tienen una dieta desequilibrada. Métodos Estudios realizados en humanos y animales demostraron una relación entre la deficiencia de micronutrientes durante el desarrollo y la programación in utero de enfermedades cardiovasculares y renales en la vida adulta, como la obesidad, la diabetes y la hipertensión arterial. Dentro de los mecanismos involucrados se encuentran cambios epigenéticos, alteración de la organogénesis, remodelación por procesos apoptóticos y alteraciones hormonales y metabólicas. Resultados Se ha realizado una revisión actualizada de la asociación entre la deficiencia de micronutrientes durante la vida fetal y posnatal, el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares en la vida adulta y las alteraciones observadas en ellas. Conclusiones Se discuten los beneficios de la suplementación de micronutrientes durante el embarazo (AU)


Introduction Inadequate intake of minerals and vitamins during growth has become a major health problem in developed and developing countries, particularly in pregnant women, infants and children who have an unbalanced diet. Methods Studies in humans and animals have shown that micronutrient deficiency during development may be responsible for in utero programming of cardiovascular and renal diseases in adulthood, such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Among the mechanisms involved are epigenetic changes, alteration in organogenesis, apoptotic remodelling processes and metabolic and hormonal alterations .Results This work is an updated review of the association between micronutrient deficiencies during foetal and post-natal life, the development of cardiovascular disease in adulthood, and the alterations observed in these. Conclusions The benefits of micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy are discussed (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Cardiovascular Diseases/embryology , Micronutrients/deficiency , Fetal Development/physiology , Prenatal Nutrition , Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/physiology , Dietary Supplements
4.
Bone ; 48(4): 820-7, 2011 Apr 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21185414

ABSTRACT

Vertebral deformities are associated with a marked increase in morbidity, mortality, and burden in terms of sanitary expenditures. Patients with vertebral fractures have a negative impact in their health, less quality of life, and loss of functional capacity and independence. The purpose of this study was to explore the vulnerability of healthy vertebrae in patients who have sustained already a compression fracture and in patients who do not have prevalent fractures in the thoracic spine; and to explore the association of the deformity in healthy vertebrae with different variables, such as bone mineral density (BMD), body mass index, age, loss of height, presence of clinical kyphosis, history of other osteoporotic fractures, and falls occurring during the last year. Clinical data and complementary studies from 175 postmenopausal outpatients were analyzed. These women (age: 69.7±11.1 years) had not received any treatment for osteoporosis. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the thoracic spine and bone densitometry of the hip were obtained; morphometry was performed in 1575 thoracic vertebrae from T4 to T12. The angle of wedging of each vertebral body was calculated using a trigonometric formula. Then, the sum of wedge angles of vertebral bodies (SWA) was determined, and Cobb angle was measured. In patients with vertebral fractures, after excluding the angles of fractured vertebral bodies, the mean wedge angle of the remaining vertebrae (MWAhealthy) was calculated. The same procedure was followed in patients without vertebral fractures. MWAhealthy was considered as an indicator of the structural vulnerability of non-fractured vertebrae. Patients with prevalent fractures had lower BMD, wider Cobb angle, and higher sum of wedge angles than patients without vertebral fractures. The proportion of patients with accentuation of clinical kyphosis was higher in the group with prevalent vertebral fractures. A highly significant difference was found in the MWAhealthy, which was higher in patients with prevalent fractures (4.1±1.3° vs. 3.0±1.1°; p<0.001). Patients showing vertebral fractures had 7.1±4.2 cm height loss in average, significantly superior than that found among non-fractured women (3.6±3.2 cm; p<0.01). In multivariate analysis, the increase of MWAhealthy was associated with advancing age (p<0.02), lower femoral neck BMD (p<0.005), presence of clinical kyphosis (p<0.01) and vertebral fractures (p<0.02). This study presents evidence that a series of factors independently influence the increase in wedging deformity of vertebral bodies that are not fractured yet. These factors could contribute to an increased vulnerability of the vertebrae, making them more susceptible to fracture.


Subject(s)
Spinal Fractures/physiopathology , Aged , Bone Density , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Multivariate Analysis , Reference Values , Reproducibility of Results
5.
Arch. venez. pueric. pediatr ; 72(4): 146-153, oct.-dic. 2009. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-588874

ABSTRACT

La deshidratación producida por la perdida de líquidos y electrolitos en pacientes con diarrea aguda continua siendo causa frecuente de muerte infantil, el desarrollo de la terapia de rehidratación oral ha convertido a la diarrea aguda en la causa de mortalidad infantil más sencilla de prevenir. Las SRO y la terapia de rehidratación oral (TRO) propuesta por UNICEF y OMS a finales de los años 70, han permitido manejar con eficacia la diarrea aguda. En la década de los 90 a nivel mundial fue posible evitar mas de un millón de muertes anuales de niñas y niños menores de 5 años relacionadas con esta enfermedad. La TRO esta indicada para prevenir la deshidratación, rehidratar y mantener el estado de hidratación independientemente de la edad del paciente, del agente etiológico o los valores iniciales de sodio sérico, a través de la administración por vía oral de mezclas estandarizadas de sales y carbohidratos disueltos en agua. A través del tiempo muchos investigadores han estudiado diferentes transportadores tratando de encontrar la solución ideal para la terapia de rehidratación oral, tomando en cuenta la absorción intestinal de nutrientes, líquidos y electrólitos, considerando que la absorción asociada de glucosa y sodio, favorece a su vez la absorción de agua, lo que permite obtener balances hídricos positivos de tal magnitud que posibilitan la corrección de la deshidratación en las primeras 4 a 6 hrs. de iniciada su administración en más del 90% de los niños deshidratados por diarrea aguda. Lo anterior fue considerado por Lancet como el descubrimiento médico más importante del siglo XX.


The dehydration produced by the loss of liquids and electrolytes in patients with sharp (acute) constant diarrhea being a frequent reason of infantile death, the development of the therapy of oral rehydration has turned to the acute diarrhea in the reason of the simplest infant mortality to anticipate. The SRO and the therapy of oral rehydration (TRO) proposed by UNICEF and WHO at the end of the 70s, have allowed to handle with efficiency the acute diarrhea. In the decade of the 90 worldwide it was possible to avoid more of a million annual deaths of children and 5-year-old minor related to this disease. The TRO indicated to anticipate the dehydration, to re-hydrate and to support the condition of hydration independently of the age of the patient, of the agent etiological or the initial values of sodium, across the administration for oral route of mixtures standardized of salts, carbohydrates dissolved in water. Across the time many investigators have studied different carriers trying to find the ideal solution for the therapy of oral rehydration, taking in counts the intestinal absorption of nutrients, liquids and electrolytes, considering that the associate absorption of glucose and sodium, favors in turn the water absorption, which allows to obtain water positive balances of such a magnitude that make the alteration of the dehydration possible in the first ones 4 to 6 hrs. of initiated his administration in more than 90% of the children dehydrated by acute diarrhea. The previous thing was considered by Lancet as the discovery medicate more importantly of the 20th century.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Diarrhea, Infantile/therapy , Fluid Therapy/methods , Occult Blood , Rehydration Solutions/administration & dosage , Child Care , Modalities, Physiological , Osmolar Concentration
6.
Rev. Soc. Venez. Microbiol ; 28(2): 110-115, dic. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-631622

ABSTRACT

Se determinó el serotipo, susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos y la relación de severidad de la infección con el serotipo, a un grupo de 50 cepas de S. flexneri aisladas de niños menores de 5 años con diarrea: 25 niños deshidratados y 25 no deshidratados. Para la tipificación se utilizaron antisueros comerciales y la susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos se realizó por el método de difusión en disco. Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los episodios: media de edad 13,32 meses ± 12, clase obrera y marginal 94% (P< 0,05), eutróficos 80% (P<0,05), sangre macroscópica en heces 82% (P< 0,05), vómitos 60% (P> 0,05). El serotipo con mayor frecuencia fue el 2a (40%), seguido por el 3a (24%), 2b (18%), 1a (6%), 6 (4%), 3b (2%), 4a (2%), variante “X” (2%) y variante “Y” (2%). El mayor porcentaje de resistencia se observó a tetraciclina (96%), seguido por ampicilina (94%), cloranfenicol (90%), amoxicilina ácido clavulánico (84%) y trimetoprin-sulfametoxazol (72%). La desnutrición (36%, P< 0,05) y el serotipo 2a (56%, P< 0,05) se observaron con mayor frecuencia en los niños deshidratados, mientras que el serotipo 2b predominó en los no deshidratados (32%, P< 0,05). La prevalencia del serotipo 2a, su asociación con la severidad del episodio y la elevada resistencia a los antibióticos alertan sobre la problemática de la infección por Shigella en el país y refuerza la necesidad de estudios para ajustar pautas en el tratamiento.


Serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and severity of the infection according to serotype, were determined in a group of 50 Shigella flexneri strains isolated from children less than 5 years old with diarrhea: 25 children dehydrated and 25 non dehydrated. Commercial antisera were used for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the episodes: mean age 13.22 ± 12 months; 94% belonged to laborer and marginal classes (P<0.05); 80% eutrophic (P<0.05); 82% macroscopic blood in feces (P<0.05); 60% vomits (P>0.05). The most frequent serotype was 2a (40%), followed by 3a (24%), 2b (18%), 1a (6%), 6 (4%), 3b (2%), 4a (2%), variant “X” (2%) and variant “Y” (2%). The highest resistance percent was found for tetracycline (96%), followed by ampicylline (94%), chloramphenicol (90%), amoxicylline clavulonic acid (84%) and trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (72%). Malnourishment (32%, P<0.05) and serotype 2a (56%, P<0.05) were seen more frequently in dehydrated children, while serotype 2b predominated in non dehydrated children (32%, P<0.05). Prevalence of serotype 2a and its association with the severity of the episode and high antibiotic resistance alert regarding the problem of Shigella infections in our country and reinforce the need of further studies to adjust treatment norms.

7.
Medicina (B Aires) ; 67(5): 423-8, 2007.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18051223

ABSTRACT

In this observational, case-control study, 376 inpatients were evaluated in order to determine the association of risk factors (RF) and hip fracture; 151 patients had osteoporotic hip fracture (cases); the remaining were controls. Data were obtained from medical charts, and through a standardized questionnaire about RF. Mean age of the sample (+/- SD) was 80.6 +/- 8.1 years, without statistically significant difference between cases and controls; the female:male ratio was 3:1 in both groups. Fractured women were older than men (82.5 +/- 8.1 vs. 79.7 +/- 7.2 years, respectively; p < 0.01). Physical activity, intake of alcohol and tobacco, and sun exposure were low in all patients. Falls among cases happened predominantly at home (p < 0.001). Among female cases, time spent in household duties was a RF (p = 0.007), which was absent in males. In multivariate analysis, the following RF were significantly more frequent: Cognitive impairment (p = 0.001), and previous falls (p < 0.0001); whereas the following protective factors were significantly different from controls: Calcium intake during youth (p < 0.0001), current calcium intake (p < 0.0001), and mechanical aid for walking (p < 0.0001). Evaluation of RF and protective factors may contribute to diminish the probability of hip fracture, through a modification of personal habits, and measures to prevent falls among elderly adults. Present information can help to develop local and national population-based strategies to diminish the burden of hip fractures for the health system.


Subject(s)
Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data , Hip Fractures/epidemiology , Osteoporosis/complications , Activities of Daily Living , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Argentina/epidemiology , Bone Density/physiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Female , Geriatric Assessment , Hip Fractures/etiology , Hip Fractures/prevention & control , Humans , Male , Smoking/adverse effects
8.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 67(5): 423-428, sep.-oct. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-489362

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se analizó la asociación entre factores de riesgo (FR) y fracturas de cadera, se evaluó la influencia de FR relacionados con baja masa ósea o con traumatismos, y se exploró la existencia de factores protectores (FP). Se estudiaron datos de 376 pacientes hospitalizados, de los cuales 151 presentaban fracturas de cadera osteoporóticas (casos; el resto fueron controles), a partir de historias clínicas y un cuestionario sobre FR para osteoporosis. La edad promedio fue 80.6 más o menos 8.1 años, similar en casos y controles; la relación mujer/varón fue de 3:1 en ambos grupos. Las mujeres fracturadas eran mayores que los varones fracturados (82.5 más o menos 8.1 versus 79.7 más o menos 7.2 años; p menor que 0.01). La actividad física, el consumo de alcohol y tabaco, y la exposición solar de los pacientes fueron bajos. La proporción de pacientes con limitación funcional fue mayor en casos, sin diferencia significativa. La mayoría de caídas de los casos se produjo en domicilio (p menor que 0.001). En mujeres la actividad doméstica constituyó un FR (p = 0.007) no observado en varones. Las variables significativas en el análisis multivariado fueron los siguientes FR: deterioro cognitivo (p = 0.001) y antecedentes de caídas previas (p menor que 0.0001). Los FP fueron: ingesta cálcica en la juventud y actual, y asistencia mecánica para deambular (todos, p menor que 0.0001). La evaluación de FR y FP podría contribuir a disminuir la probabilidad de fracturas de cadera, modificando hábitos personales y previniendo las caídas en adultos mayores. Los datos podrían servir para elaborar estrategias locales y nacionales de prevención.


In this observational, case-control study, 376 inpatients were evaluated in order to determine the association of risk factors (RF) and hip fracture; 151 patients had osteoporotic hip fracture (cases); the remaining were controls. Data were obtained from medical charts, and through a standardized questionnaire about RF. Mean age of the sample (more or less SD) was 80.6 more or less 8.1 years, without statistically significant difference between cases and controls; the female:male ratio was 3:1 in both groups. Fractured women were older than men (82.5 more or less 8.1 vs. 79.7 more or less 7.2 years, respectively; p less than 0.01). Physical activity, intake of alcohol and tobacco, and sun exposure were low in all patients. Falls among cases happened predominantly at home (p less than 0.001). Among female cases, time spent in household duties was a RF (p = 0.007), which was absent in males. In multivariate analysis, the following RF were significantly more frequent: Cognitive impairment (p = 0.001), and previous falls (p less than 0.0001); whereas the following protective factors were significantly different from controls: Calcium intake during youth (p less than 0.0001), current calcium intake (p less than 0.0001), and mechanical aid for walking (p less than 0.0001). Evaluation of RF and protective factors may contribute to diminish the probability of hip fracture, through a modification of personal habits, and measures to prevent falls among elderly adults. Present information can help to develop local and national population-based strategies to diminish the burden of hip fractures for the health system.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data , Bone Density/physiology , Hip Fractures/epidemiology , Inpatients/statistics & numerical data , Osteoporosis/complications , Activities of Daily Living , Age Factors , Alcohol Drinking/adverse effects , Argentina/epidemiology , Epidemiologic Methods , Geriatric Assessment , Hip Fractures/etiology , Hip Fractures/prevention & control , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Menopause/physiology , Smoking/adverse effects
9.
J Infect Dis ; 196(4): 537-40, 2007 Aug 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17624838

ABSTRACT

UNLABELLED: The effect of nutritional status on protective efficacy of a live attenuated human rotavirus vaccine (RIX4414) was studied. Vaccine protection was evaluated through a secondary analysis of data from an efficacy study conducted in Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela. Vaccine efficacy against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) was similar in well-nourished and malnourished infants: 74.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 52.2%-86.2%) and 73% (95% CI, 11.2%-92.3%) for severe RVGE and 60.9% (95% CI, 37.4%-75.4%) and 61.2% (95% CI, 10.4%-83.1%) for RVGE of any severity, respectively. RIX4414 significantly decreased the rate of RVGE regardless of nutritional status, which suggests that this patient group can also benefit from rotavirus vaccination. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY: e-Track 444563-006, NCT00385320 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).


Subject(s)
Malnutrition/complications , Rotavirus Infections/complications , Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control , Rotavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage , Rotavirus/immunology , Vaccination , Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage , Administration, Oral , Brazil , Confidence Intervals , Diarrhea, Infantile/complications , Diarrhea, Infantile/prevention & control , Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic , Gastroenteritis/complications , Gastroenteritis/prevention & control , Humans , Immunization Schedule , Infant , Mexico , Venezuela
11.
Rev. Centro Policlín. Valencia ; 4(2): 195-206, jul.-dic. 1986. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-44720

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de 162 historias clínicas de pacientes menores de 13 años hospitalizados por quemaduras en el Hospital Central de Valencia. Estas fueron analizadas para obtener las variables más sobresalientes realicionadas con éste tipo de accidente. Las quemaduras constituyen un problema de salud pública en muchos países del mundo; lo que ha motivado un estudio profundo tanto a nivel de prevención como a nivel de tratamiento obteniéndose los mejores resultados en el área de tratamiento. En nuestra ciudad, Valencia, éste tipo de accidentes no tienen ningún programa de prevención, ni un centro especializado para tratamiento. En nuestro trabajo, la revisión retrospectiva de los 162 casos estudiados mostró: que el grupo etario más afectado fue el comprendido entre 0-4 años correspondiendo a un 58,02% del total de casos. El sexo masculino constituyó el mayor porcentaje por sexo 62.3%. El agente causal más frecuente estuvo representado por los líquidos en ebullición con un 64,8% siendo la cocina el lugar de mayor frecuencia de éste tipo de accidentes, correspondiendo a un 58%. La importancia de éstas observaciones así como su análisis, lo discutiremos a continuación


Subject(s)
Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Humans , Male , Female , Burns/epidemiology , Venezuela
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