ABSTRACT
In response to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, the U.S. military established comprehensive policies to protect individual and public health and to assure military readiness. Central to this effort was the creation of a total-force HIV screening program. As representative of these military programs, the U.S. Army's HIV testing program is described. The first decade of this program is assessed from financial, research, policy, and epidemic-control perspectives. We conclude that the government's investment has been a prudent one, leaving the U.S. military better positioned to counter the threats posed by the HIV pandemic.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections/prevention & control , Mass Screening/organization & administration , Military Personnel , Cost-Benefit Analysis , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Population Surveillance , Program Evaluation , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
It is widely acknowledged that musculoskeletal injuries occur as a result of vigorous physical activity and exercise, but little quantitative documentation exists on the incidence of or risk factors for these injuries. This study was conducted to assess the incidence, types, and risk factors for training-related injuries among young men undergoing Army infantry basic training. Prior to training we evaluated 303 men (median age 19 yr), utilizing questionnaires and measurements of physical fitness. Subjects were followed over 12 wk of training. Physical training was documented on a daily basis, and injuries were ascertained by review of medical records for every trainee. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses of the data. Cumulative incidence of subjects with one or more lower extremity training-related injury was 37% (80% of all injuries). The most common injuries were muscle strains, sprains, and overuse knee conditions. A number of risk factors were identified, including: older age, smoking, previous injury (sprained ankles), low levels of previous occupational and physical activity, low frequency of running before entry into the Army, flexibility (both high and low), low physical fitness on entry, and unit training (high running mileage).
Subject(s)
Athletic Injuries/epidemiology , Bone and Bones/injuries , Military Personnel , Muscles/injuries , Adult , Humans , Incidence , Male , Physical Education and Training , Physical Fitness , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
An experimental study was conducted to determine the impact of a stress management course within a health promotion program. Assessments were made of stress related symptoms, perception of stress, and blood pressure. Costs of the program per benefit were calculated.