An improved synthesis of functionalized biphenyl-based phosphine ligands.

Functionalized dicyclohexyl- and di-tert-butylphosphinobiphenyl ligands are prepared by the reaction of arylmagnesium halides with benzyne, followed by the addition of a chlorodialkylphosphine. This one-pot procedure is considerably less expensive and time-consuming than the method used previously to prepare such ligands. The cost of introducing the dicyclohexylphosphine group can be decreased by preparing chlorodicyclohexylphosphine from PCl3 and cyclohexylmagnesium chloride, and using the reagent without further purification. The new method is significant, as a variety of ligands can be produced in useful amounts by a procedure that is simple, with starting materials that are relatively inexpensive, and, in most cases, without chromatographic purification.

Simple, efficient catalyst system for the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl chlorides, bromides, and triflates.

Palladium complexes supported by (o-biphenyl)P(t-Bu)(2) (3) or (o-biphenyl)PCy(2) (4) are efficient catalysts for the catalytic amination of a wide variety of aryl halides and triflates. Use of ligand 3 allows for the room-temperature catalytic amination of many aryl chloride, bromide, and triflate substrates, while ligand 4 is effective for the amination of functionalized substrates or reactions of acyclic secondary amines. The catalysts perform well for a large number of different substrate combinations at 80-110 degrees C, including chloropyridines and functionalized aryl halides and triflates using 0.5-1.0 mol % Pd; some reactions proceed efficiently at low catalyst levels (0.05 mol % Pd). These ligands are effective for almost all substrate combinations that have been previously reported with various other ligands, and they represent the most generally effective catalyst system reported to date. Ligands 3 and 4 are air-stable, crystalline solids that are commercially available. Their effectiveness is believed to be due to a combination of steric and electronic properties that promote oxidative addition, Pd-N bond formation, and reductive elimination.

In situ perfusion of the liver enhances the efficiency of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to hepatocytes.

To increase the efficiency of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer targeting an individual's liver in vivo, the liver was perfused in situ with the retrovirus vector during hepatic cold ischemia. Four weeks prior to gene transfer, the spleen was transpositioned to the left subcutaneous position to develop a portosplenic shunt, which was performed in order to prevent intestinal congestion during hepatic ischemia. Traditional retrovirus vectors (1 x 10(5) CFU/ml) which encode genes for the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (LacZ) were used in this study. Twenty-four hours after partial hepatectomy (70%), the remnant liver was surgically isolated, perfused with 1 ml of vector solution through the portal vein, and kept in contact with the vector for 30 min under cold ischemia (group 1). Hepatic ischemia could thus be performed without any intestinal congestion, due to the preestablished portosystemic shunt. In group 2, the liver was perfused with 1 ml of vector solution through the portal vein without in situ perfusion of the liver. Animals were sacrificed 1, 3, 7 and 28 days after gene transfer. In X-gal staining, the transferred LacZ was detected positive in 10-15% of the hepatocytes only in group 1, 3 days after gene transfer. Graft histology and a liver function test showed no difference between both groups 24 h after gene transfer. In conclusion, in situ perfusion of the liver greatly enhanced the efficacy of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer, targeting an individual's liver in vivo.

Radiation-associated ischemic coloproctitis: report of two cases.

Radiation-associated ischemic coloproctitis is a rare clinical entity caused by vascular insufficiency to the rectosigmoid colon. It most commonly occurs after radiotherapy for gynecological cancer. We present herein the cases of two patients who developed radiation-associated coloproctitis with transmural necrosis and eventual perforation. Perforation of the rectosigmoid colon occurred 3.5 years after radiotherapy in case 1, a 46-year-old woman, and presented as a well-defined small area of transmural necrosis. Conversely, in case 2, a 55-year-old woman, it occurred 1.5 years after radiotherapy, and presented as segmental, diffuse transmural necrosis. The lesion in case 1 had been caused by intramural vascular obliteration due to marked fibrosis of the bowel wall, while that in case 2 had been caused by occlusion of the mesenteric artery with thrombosis. Both patients underwent Hartmann's resection without rectal excision, and survived the perforative event.

Analysis of Fas system in pulmonary injury of graft-versus-host disease after rat intestinal transplantation.

The lung is one of the primary targets of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is the principal complication that occurs after allogeneic intestinal transplantation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the involvement of Fas/Fas ligand system in pulmonary injury after rat semi-allogeneic intestinal transplantation. The lungs were serially harvested from LEW x BN F1(LBNF1) recipients of either LEW heterotopic intestinal allografts or LBNF1 isografts, on days 1, 3, 5, 9, and 13 posttransplant. In light microscopy, pulmonary injury became apparent on day 13 in the allogeneic combination, showing a thickening of the alveolar septa. The incidence of apoptosis, examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) biotin nick end-labeling, was observed to increase steadily in the alveolar cells accompanied by a progression of GVHD. In an immunohistochemical study, Fas was constitutively expressed in the lung, although Fas ligand was expressed most extensively on day 9. The immunoreactivity of both Fas and Fas ligand were observed in alveolar cells, in addition to leukocytes. An analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction also revealed that the expression of Fas mRNA was constitutive without any significant change, although that of Fas ligand mRNA increased substantially and peaked on day 9, which was significant compared to the isogeneic combination. In conclusion, transcriptionally up-regulated Fas ligand and increased number of apoptosis suggests that the Fas system may play a role in the pathophysiology of GVHD-induced pulmonary injury.

Early detection of apoptosis and fas ligand expression in hepatic graft-versus-host disease after rat small bowel transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The liver is one of the primary targets of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is the principal complication that occurs after allogeneic intestinal transplantation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the involvement of the Fas/Fas ligand system in hepatic GVHD after rat semiallogeneic intestinal transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Liver samples were serially harvested from LEW x BN F(1) (LBNF(1)) recipients of either LEW heterotopic intestinal allografts (group 1) or LBNF(1) isografts (group 2), on Days 1, 3, 5, 9, and 13 posttransplant. RESULTS: In group 1, hepatic injuries as assessed by either serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, or cellular infiltration on HE staining became apparent after Day 13. The incidence of apoptosis, examined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL), was observed to steadily increase in the liver from Day 5 accompanied by a progression of GVHD: 17.5 +/- 3.1 and 3.1 +/- 0.4 cells/field (200x) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In an immunohistochemical study, Fas was constitutively expressed in the liver in both groups, while Fas ligand was expressed most extensively on Day 13 in group 1. Immunoreactivity of both Fas and Fas ligand was observed in hepatocytes, in addition to leukocytes. Analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction also revealed the expression of Fas mRNA to be constitutive in both groups, while that of Fas ligand mRNA increased significantly from Day 5 and peaked on Day 13 in group 1, and the expression was 10 times stronger than that for isogeneic combination (group 2). CONCLUSION: Early detection of upregulated Fas ligand and increased apoptosis is thus considered to be potentially a useful tool for the diagnosis of hepatic GVHD.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of the gallbladder: a clinicopathological correlation.

OBJECTIVE: Lymph follicles are frequently found on histological examination of a surgically removed gallbladder. The significance of these lymph follicles is not clearly understood. The aim of this study was to examine the clinicopathological correlation between the lymph follicles in the gallbladder morphologically and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the gut. METHODS: The gallbladders were fixed and cut serially. The tissue slices were processed in the routine manner for a histological examination. The histological criteria for MALT in this study was defined as the presence of lymph follicles with germinal centers in the lamina propria mucosae in approximately equal numbers in all portions of the gallbladders from the neck to the fundus. Biliary bile obtained at surgery was cultured for a bacteriological examination in the hospital laboratory. The types of gallstones were classified according to the Classification of Gallstones by the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology. RESULTS: Of the 1341 patients, 158 (11.8%) patients fulfilled the histological criteria, including 64 men and 94 women with an average age of 64.2 years. Gallstones were present in 89.2% of the patients, and 74.5% of these were calcium bilirubinate gallstones. Cultures of the bile were positive in 95.4% of the patients. A variety of bacterial species were thus found, most commonly Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Grossly, the gallbladders usually showed a granular appearance of the mucosa. CONCLUSION: The MALT in the gallbladder is not a rare condition and is frequently encountered in clinical practice. This lymphoid tissue may represent a mucosal and morphological immune phenomenon for infection rather than a substrate for the development of low-grade B-cell lymphoma.

Stable gene expression with VSV-G pseudotyped-retrovirus vector in the rat liver.

BACKGROUND: Pseudotyped-retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to the regenerating rat liver was investigated in vivo and the findings were compared with those for retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four weeks prior to gene transfer, the spleen was transpositioned to the left subcutaneous position to develop a port-splenic shunt. Twenty-four hours after a partial hepatectomy (68%) was performed, the liver was perfused in situ and kept in contact with either a pseudotyped-retrovirus vector encoding LacZ (7 x 10(7) cfu/ml, Group 1) or a retrovirus vector encoding LacZ (1 x 10(4) cfu/ml, Group 2) for 30 min. The animals were sacrificed at various points after gene transfer, and X-gal staining, reversed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and ONPG assay were performed to detect the transferred LacZ cDNA. RESULTS: In X-gal staining, the transferred LacZ cDNA started to show a strong beta-galactosidase activity in 30 to 50% of the hepatocytes at 3 days after gene transfer. Positive staining continued to be recognized until 28 days with a slight decrease in its intensity thereafter. On the other hand, Group 2 animals showed weak staining, which was observed in about 10 to 15% of the hepatocytes from 3 days after gene transfer and then decreased thereafter. In RT-PCR, positive mRNA of LacZ was detected constitutively until 28 days after gene transfer in Group 1, whereas two-thirds of the samples showed a negative band in Groups 2 at 3 days after gene transfer. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the pseudotyped-retrovirus vector was useful in establishing a stable and strong expression of the in vivo gene transfer, while targeting the regenerating liver.

Protective effects of ulinastatin against ischemia-reperfusion injury.

We investigated the protective effect of urinary trypsin inhibitor (ulinastatin: UTI) in vitro, in relation to the neutrophil activity in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The rat liver was removed and preserved in cold Ringer's lactate solution for 60 min, followed by 120 min of reperfusion with oxygenated perfusate. The rats were divided into four groups (n = 8 in each group). The livers were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution containing no additives in group 1, 50,000 U/kg of UTI in group 2, 3.5 x 10(6) of neutrophils in group 3, and both neutrophils and UTI in group 4. In group 3, the AST and ALT levels were always higher than those in other three groups at any point evaluated (P < 0.01) and the LDH levels were observed to be significantly higher than those in other three groups at 0, 5, 10, 60, and 90 min after reperfusion (P < 0. 01). These increase were suppressed by additional pretreatment with UTI in group 4. The bile flow during reperfusion was significantly suppressed in group 3 compared to that of group 4, at both 30 (P < 0. 01) and 60 (P < 0.05) min after reperfusion. The MPO activity after reperfusion in group 3 also significantly increased compared to other three groups (P < 0.01). These data thus suggest that UTI ameliorated the ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro by inhibiting of neutrophil accumulation in the postischemic liver.

Successful gene transfer to the porcine liver in vivo with an adenoviral vector.

In vivo gene transfer to the porcine liver was tested with adenoviral vector to achieve molecular biological graft modulation. In adult female pigs immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, and prednisolone, the liver was surgically isolated and flushed out with cold lactate Ringer solution (4 degrees C), by means of a pump-controlled bypass of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava in Groups A and D. In Group A (n = 4), 2 x 1011 pfu of the adenoviral vectors (pAdexCALacZ) were injected through the left hepatic artery during cold ischemia. In Group (n = 4), 2 x 1011 pfu of adenovirus vectors were injected through the auricular vein in a one-shot manner without a laparotomy. In Group C (n = 4), 2 x 1011 pfu/ml of adenoviral vectors were injected through the hepatic artery in a one-shot manner, without a surgical isolation of the liver. Group D (n = 4) animals received the same protocol as Group A except for the fact that they did not receive the immunosuppressive regimen. In a polymerase chain reaction, a transfected LacZ sequence was detected until POD 28 in Group A, but not in the other groups. In 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal) staining, only the Group A animals revealed apparent staining predominantly in the portal area at POD 2, which then continued to be recognized until POD 28. The in situ perfusion of the liver combined with immunosuppression is thought to provide an ideal environment for the liver-directed adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to the porcine liver, by enabling a long contact with a high titer of the adenoviral vector.

Role of exogenous L-arginine in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Plasma L-arginine is usually deficient immediately after hepatic reperfusion in orthotopic liver transplantation, which may also contribute to the occurrence of either hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury or pulmonary hypertension. In this study, exogenous L-arginine was thus experimentally used to reverse the deficient status of the L-arginine/NO pathway. An in vivo model of 1 hr hepatic ischemia and reperfusion was thus tested in both rats (Experiment A) and pigs (Experiment B). In Experiment A, 10 mg/kg of L-arginine (group 1, n = 7), D-arginine (group 2, n = 7), or saline (group 3, n = 7) was administered through the portal vein. The hepatic tissue blood flow, at 20 min after reperfusion, improved in group 1 (70.7 +/- 7.0% of the preclamp levels) compared to groups 2 and 3. The serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase levels at 24 hr after reperfusion were also lower in group 1 (320 +/- 22.2 IU/L) than in either group 2 or group 3. The intrahepatic NO levels showed a temporal burst (> 15,000 pA current) after reperfusion only in group 1. In Experiment B, 10 mg/kg of L-arginine (group 4, n = 5), D-arginine (group 5, n = 5), or 10 ml of saline (group 6, n = 5) was administered through the portal vein. In group 4, the MPAP (mean pulmonary arterial pressure)/MAP (mean arterial pressure) was lower than that observed in groups 5 and 6. In conclusion, exogenous L-arginine administered from the portal vein was thus found to be effective in mitigating both portal hypertension and reperfusion injury by producing an increased amount of NO immediately after reperfusion.

Dietary sodium concentration modifies catecholamine release with stress in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

A high sodium diet increased the plasma norepinephrine (PNE) only in resting spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR on either a high or low sodium diet showed a greater increase in arterial pressure (AP) than Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) with foot shock (FS). However, neither a high nor low sodium diet enhanced the increment of AP in both SHR and WKY with FS. Only a low sodium diet enhanced the increment of PNE and plasma epinephrine in SHR with FS. Extreme restriction of sodium intake might thus enhance the response of sympathetic activation with stressful stimuli.

Diminished sympathetic excitation of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons in the conscious mature spontaneously hypertensive rat.

We undertook a study to determine whether the activation of the nucleus locus coeruleus might be responsible for the sympathetic hyperactivity in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Conscious mature SHR showed increased arterial pressure and plasma catecholamines with electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus. However, SHR showed smaller increases in arterial pressure and plasma noradrenaline than Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). The spontaneous unit discharge in locus coeruleus neurons responded reciprocally to peripherally induced changes in arterial pressure and blood volume. However, the unit discharge in the SHR locus coeruleus is less responsive than that in WKY. Therefore, the locus coeruleus in mature SHR does not seem to be involved in the hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. However, this may not be the case in young SHR.