ABSTRACT
The addition of corn distillers dried grains (corn-DDG) to pig diets has been limited due to concerns about fiber content. The aim of the present study was to determine the metabolizable energy of corn-DDG (Exp. I) and the dose-response effects of dietary xylanase plus ß-glucanase on the nutrient and energy digestibility of growing pigs fed diets containing 25% corn-DDG (Exp. II). Pigs in individual cages were subjected to feeding periods of 5 days for voluntary feed intake quantification followed by 5 days for collection of feces and urine. In Exp. I, 10 castrated male pigs with 61.10 ± 3.25 kg BW distributed in a randomized complete block design experiment with five replications were fed a reference diet or a test diet (75% reference diet plus 25% corn-DDG). In Exp. II, 10 castrated male pigs with 29.69 ± 3.57 kg BW distributed in a Latin square design (two squares with four replicates in time) experiment were fed with 5 dietary xylanase plus ß-glucanase levels (0, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) added to diets formulated with 25% corn-DDG. The corn-DDG had 26.5% crude protein, 5.94% ether extract, 55.5% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 4.248 kcal/kg gross energy. The metabolizable energy of corn-DDG was 3.657 ± 189 kcal/kg. Increasing dietary xylanase plus ß-glucanase quadratically influenced (P < 0.05) the NDF digestibility and digestible energy in growing pigs fed diets containing 25% corn-DDGS. Compared to the control, dietary xylanase plus ß-glucanase addition increased digestibility and reduced metabolizability of crude protein. The addition of dietary xylanase plus ß-glucanase to growing pig diets containing corn-DDG increased NDF digestibility, allowing for additional dietary energy and protein availability.
Subject(s)
Body Fluids , Zea mays , Male , Animals , Swine , Nutrients , Diet/veterinary , EatingABSTRACT
Aviculture is a developed and important industry worldwide. However, it is an industry that produces solid waste such as bedding. As an attempt to reduce environmental impact and productive activity costs, beds are reused by several consecutive lots which can increase microorganism concentration and lead to unsanitary conditions. In this regard, it is essential to adopt a litter pre-treatment during the gap sanitary period between lots to avoid passing problems to the birds from the current flock to the subsequent flock and to guarantee the litter quality. Several factors must be considered to guarantee that there is minimal damage to chicken production. Therefore, this literature review aims to approach the main factors that affect the thermal comfort and chicken litter quality, as well as alternatives used as an alternative biological treatment to guarantee its reuse quality.
Subject(s)
Chickens , Poultry , AnimalsABSTRACT
Pre-slaughter handling of pigs established properly is very important, not only from the point of view of welfare, but also for the quality of meat. The aim of present research was to evaluate the effect of gender and density of pigs during their transport to the abattoir on the skin temperature and carcass and meat quality. Were used 192 (115.54 ± 6.03 kg) finishing pigs to investigate the effects of gender (barrows and gilts) and transport densities for slaughter (236, 251, and 275 kg/m²) on the skin temperature and carcass and meat quality. Average skin temperature between genders and transport densities at any point of time during pre-slaughter did not differ. Skin temperatures before unloading had the highest average value relative to all other time points, followed by immediately after unloading and remaining the same for the next 2 h. Lowest skin temperature value was registered on pigs at the pre-slaughter time followed by farm and at loading times. Pigs transported with different densities did not show differences for the skin carcass lesions. Meat from pigs transported at 275 kg/m² presented higher frequency of red, soft, exudative (RSE) and lower of red, firm, non-exudative (RFN) classes as compared to those for other densities. Animals transported at 236 and 251 kg/m² did not differ as the frequency of RSE and RFN meat. Skin temperature of pigs oscillate along the pre-slaughter times and the pre-slaughter transport of pigs at 236 and 251 kg/m² generates less frequency classes of faulty pork, although difference in the densities did not have any effect on the skin temperature and skin lesions.
O manejo pré-abate estabelecido adequadamente é importante, não apenas do ponto de vista de bemestar, mas também para qualidade da carne. O objetivo com o presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do gênero e da densidade de transporte de suínos para o abatedouro sobre a temperatura da pele, qualidade de carcaça e carne de suínos. Foram utilizados 192 (115,54 ± 6,03 kg) suínos em terminação para avaliar os efeitos de gênero (machos castrados e fêmeas) e densidades de transporte para abate (236, 251, e 275 kg / m²) sobre a temperatura da pele e qualidade de carcaça e carne de suínos. Os valores médios de temperatura da pele entre os gêneros e densidades de transporte não diferiram no pré-abate. A temperatura da pele dos animais antes do descarregamento foi maior, seguidos pelo momento imediatamente após a descarga e mantendo o mesmo para as próximas duas horas. O menor valor de temperatura da pele foi registrado em suínos no momento pré-abate seguido pelos momentos à granja e ao carregamento. Os suínos transportados com diferentes densidades não apresentaram diferenças para as lesões na carcaça. Carne de suínos transportados a 275 kg / m² apresentaram maior frequência de carne vermelha, flácida e exsudativa (RSE) e menores de carne vermelha, firme e nãoexsudativa (RFN) em comparação com outras densidades. Os animais transportados à 236 e 251 kg/m² não diferem quanto a frequência de carne RSE e RFN. A temperatura de pele de suínos oscila ao longo dos momentos pré-abate, e transporte de suínos pré-abate com 236 e 251 kg/m² geram menor frequência de classes anormais de carne, embora diferenças nas densidades não tiveram efeitos sobre a temperatura da pele e lesões de pele.
Subject(s)
Skin , Swine , Temperature , Animal Culling , MeatABSTRACT
Glicerina é um líquido adocicado, higroscópico, inodoro, viscoso, energético, contendo variáveis níveis de glicerol, sendo utilizado como nutriente glicogênico ou lipogênico, dependendo da condição energética do animal. O glicerol ou 1,2,3-propanotriol é pertencente a função álcool, com três hidroxilas, de fórmula molecular C3H8O3. Em suínos, altos níveis de inclusão de glicerina podem proporcionar baixo conteúdo energético, pois o sistema enzimático da glicerol quinase torna-se saturado na conversão do glicerol para glicerol-3-fosfato, sendo o excesso excretado pela urina. A matéria-prima é um dos fatores que mais influenciam na composição da glicerina, podendo ser produzida a partir de óleo de soja, sebo bovino, gordura amarela e gordura de aves. Os componentes com maior participação na composição são glicerol, água e lipídios, contudo as limitações de seu uso na alimentação animal estão ligadas aos níveis residuais de sódio, potássio, metanol e umidade. Os níveis de glicerina bruta mais indicados para a viabilidade técnica e econômica estão em torno de 10%, sendo que acima de 15% compromete o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica. Por possuir características favoráveis e teores de energia em torno de 3.579 kcal/kg de energia metabolizável, a glicerina pode ser utilizada como ingrediente energético em rações para suínos.
Glycerin is a sweet, hygroscopic, odorless, viscous, energetic liquid containing variable glycerol levels being used as glycogen or lipogenic nutrient, depending on the energy condition of the animal. Glycerol, or 1,2,3-propanetriol, belongs to the alcohol group, with three hydroxyls, and the molecular formula of C3H8O3. In pigs, the inclusion of high levels of glycerin can provide low energy content, since the enzyme system in glycerol kinase becomes saturated in the conversion of glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate, with the excess being excreted in the urine. The feedstock is one of the factors that most influence the composition of glycerin, which may be produced from soybean oil, beef tallow, yellow grease, and poultry fat. The components with the highest involvement in the composition are glycerol, water and lipids, however, the limitations of use in animal feed are connected to residual levels of sodium, potassium, methanol and humidity. Crude glycerin levels better suited to the technical and economic viability are at approximately 10%, while compromising the performance and economic viability if above 15%. Since it has favorable characteristics and energy levels around 3.579 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, glycerin can be used as an energy ingredient in pig feed.
La glicerina es un líquido dulce, higroscópico, inodoro, viscoso, energético, que contiene niveles de glycerol variables, que se utililiza como nutriente glicogénico o lipogénico, dependiendo de la condición de energía del animal. El glicerol o 1, 2, 3 propanotriol, es perteneciente a función alcohol, con tres hidroxilas, de formula molecular C3H8O3. En cerdos, los altos niveles de inclusión de glicerina pueden proporcionar un bajo contenido energético, pues el sistema enzimático de glicerol quinase se hace saturado en la conversión de glicerol en glicerol-3-fosfato, siendo el exceso excretado por la orina. La materia prima es uno de los factores que más influyen en la composición de la glicerina, pudiendo ser producida a partir del aceite de soja, sebo de ganado, grasa amarilla y grasa de aves. Los componentes con mayor participación en la composición son glicerol, agua y lepidios, sin embargo, las limitaciones de su uso en la alimentación animal están conectadas a niveles residuales de sodio, potasio, metanol y humedad. Los niveles de glicerina cruda más adecuados para la viabilidad técnica y económica están alrededor de 10%, siendo que más de 15% compromete el rendimiento y la viabilidad económica. Por tener características favorables y niveles de energía alrededor de 3579 kcal/kg de energía metabolizable, la glicerina puede ser utilizada como ingrediente de energía en alimentación de cerdos.
