Association between remote diffusion-weighted imaging lesions and cerebral small vessel disease in primary intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the association amongst remote diffusion-weighted imaging lesions (R-DWILs), imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and total cSVD burden in patients with primary intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). METHODS: In total, 344 consecutive primary ICH patients were enrolled prospectively. R-DWILs on magnetic resonance imaging as well as four imaging markers of cSVD, including cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunes and enlarged perivascular spaces, were rated with validated scales. The total cSVD score was calculated by adding up these four markers. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: Remote DWI lesions were detected in 57 (16.6%) primary ICH patients. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the presence of CMBs [odds ratio (OR) 5.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.72-16.12], of high-grade WMHs (OR 4.68, 95% CI 2.01-10.90), the presence of lacunes (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.20-6.06), mixed CMBs (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.35-6.36), mixed lacunes (OR 3.60, 95% CI 1.25-10.37), periventricular WMHs (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.40-3.44), deep WMHs (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.24-2.97) and total WMHs (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.20-1.94) were associated with the presence of R-DWILs. A significant association was also found between high-grade total cSVD score and R-DWILs (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.36-2.84). This association remained significant in patients stratified by an age of 60 years or more than 60 years. CONCLUSIONS: Remote DWI lesions are correlated with the severity of each imaging marker of cSVD and with the total burden of cSVD.

Effectiveness of <> in reducing reoffending.

This article aims to review the effectiveness of the <> program in reducing recidivism. Nineteen evaluations (involving 32 separate comparisons) were located in which experimental and control groups were compared. A meta-analysis showed that, overall, there was a significant 14% decrease in recidivism for program participants compared to controls. This program was effective in Canada and the United Kingdom but not in the United States. It was effective in community and institutional settings, whether or not it was given on a voluntary basis, and for low-risk and high-risk offenders. However, the program was more effective in older studies than in more recent evaluations.

Effectiveness of «Reasoning and rehabilitation» in reducing reoffending / La eficacia del programa «Razonamiento y Rehabilitación» en la reducción de la reincidencia

This article aims to review the effectiveness of the «Reasoning and Rehabilitation» program in reducing recidivism. Nineteen evaluations (involving 32 separate comparisons) were located in which experimental and control groups were compared. A meta-analysis showed that, overall, there was a significant 14% decrease in recidivism for program participants compared to controls. This program was effective in Canada and the United Kingdom but not in the United States. It was effective in community and institutional settings, whether or not it was given on a voluntary basis, and for low-risk and high-risk offenders. However, the program was more effective in older studies than in more recent evaluations (AU)

Este artículo pretende revisar la efectividad del programa «Razonamiento y Rehabilitación» en la reducción de la reincidencia. Se localizaron 19 evaluaciones (que abarcaban 32 comparaciones diferentes) donde se empleó grupos experimentales y de control. Un meta-análisis efectuado mostró que, en conjunto, había un decremento significativo del 14% en la reincidencia de los participantes en el programa. El programa fue efectivo en Canadá y Reino Unido, pero no en los Estados Unidos. Fue efectivo en la comunidad y en escenarios institucionales, tanto en sujetos que voluntariamente accedieron a participar como en los que fueron obligados, y tanto en sujetos de riesgo bajo como elevado de volver a delinquir. No obstante, el programa fue más efectivo en los estudios más antiguos que en los más recientes (AU)

Dental caries prevalence and related factors in 5-year-old children in Hong Kong.

One thousand five Hong Kong kindergarten children with a mean age of 5.75 +/- 0.46 years were sampled for caries prevalence and related factors. Samples were drawn from a total population of approximately 9,000 5-year-old children. Caries examination was conducted after the teeth were cleaned professionally using a sickle probe (Ash #54) and diagnostic criteria of the World Health Organization. Thirty-seven percent of children were caries-free and the mean dmft of all children was 3.2 +/- 3.92. The components of the dmft were dt = 2.93, mt = 0.04 and ft = 0.23. The dmfs was 5.10 +/- 7.80 with ds = 4.67, ms = 0.12, and fs = 0.31. The caries distribution was skewed, 18% with more than 10 dmfs and the most severely affected child having 54 decayed surfaces. Seventy-two per cent had never visited a dentist. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the father's profession and caries prevalence. The age of the child at the first visit and the frequency of visits to the dentist were related directly to parental income. The primary mandibular first molar ranked highest among the teeth that needed treatment, mostly extraction. (Pediatr Dent 15: 116-19, 1993).

The effects of etching, micro-abrasion, and bleaching on surface enamel.

Conservative techniques for improving the appearance of discolored teeth have become popular in the past decade. These include: in-office bleaching with 30% hydrogen peroxide, which is applied on etched enamel with a gauze pad and then exposed to a bleaching light; home bleaching with a mild form of peroxide, such as 10% carbamide peroxide, which is applied on the tooth surface with custom-made mouthguards; and enamel micro-abrasion with 18% hydrochloric acid, which is applied in a pumice slurry. In this study, the in-office bleaching and enamel micro-abrasion techniques were performed on extracted teeth for investigation of their microscopic effects on the surface enamel. Specimens treated only with 37% phosphoric acid showed an enamel loss of 5.7 +/- 1.8 microns. The specimens treated with 37% phosphoric acid followed by 30% hydrogen peroxide showed enamel loss of 5.3 +/- 1.6 microns; this loss was probably not caused by the hydrogen peroxide, but rather by the etching with 37% phosphoric acid which preceded the hydrogen peroxide application. A direct application of 18% hydrochloric acid for 100 s resulted in a loss of 100 +/- 47 microns. The extent of enamel loss was much greater when the 18% hydrochloric acid was applied in a pumice slurry for the same period of time (360 +/- 130 microns), and the effect was time-dependent. Thus, the pumice and rotary prophy cup used in conjunction with the 18% hydrochloric acid contributed markedly to the loss of surface enamel, enhancing the non-selective stain-removing action of the hydrochloric acid. Therefore, the hydrochloric acid-pumice technique must be used clinically with caution.

Dental findings of children with biliary atresia: report of seven cases.

Patients with congenital biliary atresia (CBA) showed green staining of the teeth and soft tissues. Current cases of biliary atresia show various degrees of green staining in the primary and/or permanent dentition, suggesting a correlation between the degree of staining and the severity of the disease. Rampant caries was found in five out of seven patients. The importance of meticulous oral hygiene should be emphasized.

Effects of ginsenoside Rg1 of Panax ginseng on mitosis in human blood lymphocytes in vitro.

The ginsenoside Rg1 extracted from the root of Panax ginseng can promote mitosis in cultured human lymphocytes activated by PHA or Con A. Its most effective concentrations are around 0.0003-0.0005 mg per ml of medium. Experiments show that it does not arrest the cells at any particular mitotic stage. It can also enhance the DNA synthesis in the activated lymphocytes. As a result of the increased number of the mitotic cells and enhanced DNA synthesis, the cell density is significantly increased in the Rg1-treated culture as compared with the control. However, in the absence of a mitogenic lectin Rg1 cannot restart the quinescent human lymphocytes to divide in vitro; therefore it is not mitogenic to resting cells. The possible action of Rg1 on activated human lymphocytes as well as its pharmacological significance are discussed.