Polyaniline/Tungsten Trioxide Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Anode for Aqueous Proton Batteries.

Aqueous proton batteries have received increasing attention due to their outstanding rate performance, stability and high capacity. However, the selection of anode materials in strongly acidic electrolytes poses a challenge in achieving high-performance aqueous proton batteries. This study optimized the proton reaction kinetics of layered metal oxide WO3 by introducing interlayer structural water and coating polyaniline (PANI) on its surface to prepare organic-inorganic hybrid material (WO3 ⋅ 2H2O@PANI). We constructed an aqueous proton battery with WO3 ⋅ 2H2O@PANI anode and MnO2@GF cathode. After 1500 cycles at a current density of 10 A g-1, the capacity retention rate can still reach 80.2 %. These results can inspire the development of new aqueous proton batteries.

Organic Electrode Materials for Dual-Ion Batteries.

Organic materials are widely used in various energy storage devices due to their renewable, environmental friendliness and adjustable structure. Dual-ion batteries (DIBs), which use organic materials as the electrodes, are an attractive alternative to conventional lithium-ion batteries for sustainable energy storage devices owing to the advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness, and high operating voltage. To date, various organic electrode materials have been applied in DIBs. In this review, we present the development of DIBs with a following brief introduction of characteristics and mechanisms of organic materials. The latest progress in the application of organic materials as anode and cathode materials for DIBs is mainly reviewed. Finally, we also discussed the challenges and prospects of organic electrode materials for DIBs.

Proton Intercalation/De-intercalation Chemistry in Phenazine-based Anode for Hydronium-ion Batteries.

Hydronium-ion batteries have received significant attention owing to the merits of extraordinary sustainability and excellent rate abilities. However, achieving high-performance hydronium-ion batteries remains a challenge due to the inferior properties of anode materials in strong acid electrolyte. Herein, a hydronium-ion battery is constructed which is based on a diquinoxalino [2,3-a:2',3'-c] phenazine (HATN) anode and a MnO2 @graphite felt cathode in a hybrid acidic electrolyte. The fast kinetics of hydronium-ion insertion/extraction into HATN electrode endows the HATN//MnO2 @GF battery with enhanced electrochemical performance. This battery exhibits an excellent rate performance (266 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 , 97 mAh g-1 at 50 A g-1 ), attractive energy density (182.1 Wh kg-1 ) and power density (31.2 kW kg-1 ), along with long-term cycle stability. These results shed light on the development of advanced hydronium-ion batteries.

The shock of benzalkonium chloride on aerobic granular sludge system and its microbiological mechanism.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a kind of biocides and surfactants widely used around the world and wastewater treatment systems were identified as its largest pool. QACs could significantly inhibit microbial activity in biological treatment. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is an emerging wastewater biological treatment technology with high efficiency and resistance, but it is still unclear if AGS system could tolerate QACs shock. In this study, a typical QAC (benzalkonium chloride (BACC12)) was selected to investigate its effect on AGS system. Results indicate that BAC could inhibit the pollutants removal performance of AGS system, including COD, NH4+-N and PO43- in the short term and the inhibition ratio had positive correlation with BAC concentration. However, AGS system could gradually adapt to the BAC stress and recover its original performance. BAC shock could destroy AGS structure by decreasing its particle size and finally leading to particle disintegration. Although AGS could secret more EPS to resist the stress, BAC still had significant inhibition on cell activity. Microbial community analysis illustrated that after high BAC concentration shock in short term, Thauera decreased significantly while Flavobacterium became the dominant genus. However, after the performance of AGS system recovered the dominant genus returned to Thauera and relevant denitrifiers Phaeodactylibacter, Nitrosomonas and Pseudofulvimonas also increased. The typical phosphorous removal microorganism Rubrivivax and Leadbetterella also showed the similar trend. The variation of denitrification and phosphorus removal microbial community was consistent with AGS system performance indicating the change of functional microorganism played key role in the AGS response to BAC stress.

Meta-analysis of the relationship between bullying and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents.

Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for physical and mental development; thus, they are high-risk periods for the occurrence of mental disorders. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the association between bullying and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE and other databases to identify studies related to bullying behavior and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. A total of 31 studies were included, with a total sample size of 133,688 people. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the risk of depression in children and adolescents who were bullied was 2.77 times higher than that of those who were not bullied; the risk of depression in bullying individuals was 1.73 times higher than that in nonbullying individuals; and the risk of depression in individuals who bullied and experienced bullying was 3.19 times higher than that in nonbullying-bullied individuals. This study confirmed that depression in children and adolescents was significantly associated with being bullied, bullying, and bullying-bullied behavior. However, these findings are limited by the quantity and quality of the included studies and need to be confirmed by future studies.

Intradermally delivered mRNA-encapsulating extracellular vesicles for collagen-replacement therapy.

The success of messenger RNA therapeutics largely depends on the availability of delivery systems that enable the safe, effective and stable translation of genetic material into functional proteins. Here we show that extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced via cellular nanoporation from human dermal fibroblasts, and encapsulating mRNA encoding for extracellular-matrix α1 type-I collagen (COL1A1) induced the formation of collagen-protein grafts and reduced wrinkle formation in the collagen-depleted dermal tissue of mice with photoaged skin. We also show that the intradermal delivery of the mRNA-loaded EVs via a microneedle array led to the prolonged and more uniform synthesis and replacement of collagen in the dermis of the animals. The intradermal delivery of EV-based COL1A1 mRNA may make for an effective protein-replacement therapy for the treatment of photoaged skin.

Rychc Confers Extreme Resistance to Potato virus Y in Potato.

The Potato virus Y (PVY) is responsible for huge economic losses for the potato industry worldwide and is the fifth most consequential plant virus globally. The main strategies for virus control are to limit aphid vectors, produce virus-free seed potatoes, and breed virus-resistant varieties. The breeding of PVY-resistant varieties is the safest and most effective method in terms of cost and environmental protection. Rychc, a gene that confers extreme resistance to PVY, is from S. chacoense, which is a wild diploid potato species that is widely used in many PVY-resistant breeding projects. In this study, Rychc was fine mapped and successfully cloned from S. chacoense accession 40-3. We demonstrated that Rychc encodes a TIR-NLR protein by stably transforming a diploid susceptible cultivar named AC142 and a tetraploid potato variety named E3. The Rychc conferred extreme resistance to PVYO, PVYN:O and PVYNTN in both of the genotypes. To investigate the genetic events occurring during the evolution of the Rychc locus, we sequenced 160 Rychc homologs from 13 S. chacoense genotypes. Based on the pattern of sequence identities, 160 Rychc homologs were divided into 11 families. In Family 11 including Rychc, we found evidence for Type I evolutionary patterns with frequent sequence exchanges, obscured orthologous relationships and high non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (Ka/Ks), which is consistent with rapid diversification and positive selection in response to rapid changes in the PVY genomes. Furthermore, a functional marker named MG64-17 was developed in this study that indicates the phenotype with 100% accuracy and, therefore, can be used for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs that use S. chacoense as a breeding resource.