ABSTRACT
The effects of pH and PEG 400 on the stoichiometry, conformation, and stability of the magnesium-oxytetracycline (Mg+2-OTC) complex were evaluated. Circular dichroism (CD) and HPLC were used to investigate Mg+2-OTC complex formation and determine the stability of the complexes formed. The stoichiometry of the complex was determined to be a 1:1 molar ratio of Mg+2 to OTC regardless of changes in pH, in the range 7-10, and regardless of the percentage of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 in solution. CD showed that the conformation assumed by Mg+2-OTC complex is sensitive to changes in pH, however, little to no effect was found when the PEG 400 concentration was varied. PEG 400 was found to effect the magnitude of complexation as evident by the dependence of CD peak intensity on the cosolvent concentration in solution. The Job's method confirmed that the formation of this complex increased with increasing PEG 400 concentration and was most favored at pH 8. HPLC analyses of OTC solutions at pH 9 revealed the formation of multiple degradation products after storage at 50 degrees C. The incidence and magnitude of OTC degradation products were reduced in the presence of Mg+2 and PEG 400. Despite the HPLC results of maintained OTC stability in magnesium-complexed solutions over time, visual inspection showed these solutions to have darkened, indicating that an oxidative process is responsible for initial degradation of OTC. Therefore, the need for additional measures (i.e., antioxidants) was established to ensure the long-term stability of OTC in solution.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Magnesium/administration & dosage , Oxytetracycline/administration & dosage , Algorithms , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Circular Dichroism , Drug Compounding , Drug Stability , Half-Life , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Magnesium/chemistry , Oxytetracycline/chemistry , Polyethylene Glycols , Solvents , Surface-Active Agents , TemperatureABSTRACT
The solubility of oxytetracycline (OTC) in aqueous and mixed solvent systems was studied. The effects of pH and cosolvent composition on the solubility and apparent dissociation constants (pKa') of OTC were determined by a solubility method. The pKa' values of OTC in each mixed solvent system were estimated and used to generate expressions for predicting drug solubility in each cosolvent as a function of pH. Cosolvent systems of PEG 400, propylene glycol, glycerin, and 2-pyrrolidone were studied in the pH range of 2.5-9. Solubility results showed increased solubility with increased cosolvent concentration, especially in 2-pyrrolidone solvent systems. These results also showed that cosolvents enhanced drug solubility through either their effects on polarity of the solvent medium or complex formation with OTC. Aqueous and mixed solvent systems at lower pH values resulted in higher OTC solubilization because the drug existed primarily in its cationic form. A mass balance equation including all ionic species of OTC allowed for estimation of the intrinsic solubilities and pKa' values in each solvent system. pKa' values and intrinsic solubility of the OTC zwitterion increased with increasing cosolvent content. These parameters allowed prediction of drug solubility within the pH range and cosolvent concentrations used in this study.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Oxytetracycline/chemistry , Glycerol , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Propylene Glycols , Pyrrolidinones , Solubility , SolventsABSTRACT
The effects of pH, mixed solvent systems, and divalent metal ions on oxytetracycline (OTC) solubility and the interactions between OTC and metal ions in aqueous and mixed solvent systems were investigated. OTC solubility profiles were obtained for pH 4-9. The cosolvents studied were glycerin, propylene glycol, PEG 400, and 2-pyrrolidone with the following metal ions: magnesium, calcium, and zinc. OTC and its interactions with these metal ions were evaluated by solubility, NMR, circular dichroism (CD), and electron diffraction (ED) methods. At pH 5.6, no complexation occurred with these metal ions, but OTC zwitterion formed aggregates in aqueous solutions as shown by NMR spectra. The hydration of the metal ions was observed to affect OTC aggregation, with Mg+2 causing the greatest OTC aggregation. At pH 7.5, OTC aggregation and metal-OTC complexation were observed in solutions with Ca+2 and Mg+2. Zinc ion was found to decrease OTC solubility because of zincate formation, which caused anionic OTC to precipitate. Electron diffraction revealed a relationship between OTC and metal-OTC complex crystallinity and solubility behavior. The zinc-OTC complex exhibited the highest crystallinity and lowest solubility at pH 8.0. Various cosolvents generally enhanced OTC solubility, with 2-pyrrolidone having the best solubility power. In OTC-metal-2-pyrrolidone and OTC-Zn(+2)-PEG 400 systems, circular dichroism provided evidence for the formation of soluble ternary complexes.
