ABSTRACT
People wash their hands only for a short time outside the home and when preparing meals at home. This may not be sufficient for those who prepare meals because of possible secondary contamination from food. Although washing with a placebo soap for a short period (lathering 3 s and rinsing 8 s) cleansed from hands about 95% of the total coliforms transferred from ground meat, an antibacterial soap further reduced the coliform count significantly (p < 0.01). To effectively avoid secondary contamination, it is recommended that people should more frequently wash their hands, using an antibacterial soap on the areas that have been in contact with raw meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, vegetables and other foods.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Food Microbiology , Hand Disinfection , Soaps/pharmacology , Enterobacteriaceae/growth & development , Food Contamination , Humans , Japan , Meat/microbiology , Time FactorsSubject(s)
Acculturation , Emigrants and Immigrants , Ethnicity , Population Dynamics , Religion , Social Conditions , Urban Population , Austria/ethnology , Emigrants and Immigrants/education , Emigrants and Immigrants/history , Emigrants and Immigrants/legislation & jurisprudence , Emigrants and Immigrants/psychology , Emigration and Immigration/history , Emigration and Immigration/legislation & jurisprudence , Ethnicity/education , Ethnicity/ethnology , Ethnicity/history , Ethnicity/psychology , History, 20th Century , Humans , Japan/ethnology , Race Relations/history , Race Relations/psychology , Religion/history , Residence Characteristics , Social Change/history , Social Conditions/economics , Social Conditions/history , Social Control Policies/economics , Social Control Policies/history , United States/ethnology , Urban Health/history , Urban Population/historyABSTRACT
The effects of nicotinate ethyl ester treatment on the gingival blood circulation of plaque induced inflammation in monkeys were determined. The blood flow, amount of hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin rate (oxyhemoglobin/total hemoglobin) in gingival blood circulation in addition to bacterial colony forming units (CFU), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), loss of attachment (LA) and amount of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were used as parameters. Besides 1% nicotinate ethyl ester paste (nicotinate paste), 0.5% chlorhexidine (CHX) paste as an antibacterial agent, a mixture of the two pastes and the base alone as a control were used. 1. The blood flow, amount of hemoglobin, CFU, GCF, PD and GI increased as inflammation developed, and these showed significant correlations. 2. The oxyhemoglobin rate showed no corresponding change with inflammation. 3. Nicotinate paste, CHX paste and the mixed paste seemed to reduce the inflammation of the gingiva as assessed by the blood flow, hemoglobin amount, CFU and GCF amount compared with the control paste.
Subject(s)
Blood Circulation/drug effects , Gingivitis/drug therapy , Niacin/therapeutic use , Animals , Gingivitis/physiopathology , HaplorhiniABSTRACT
Five selenium compounds, Na2Se04, H2Se04, Na2Se03, H2Se03 and Se02, were tested for their capacity to induce chromosome aberrations in cultured human leukocytes and for their reactivity with DNA by a rec-assay system and inactivation of transforming activity in Bacillus subtilis. Chromosome-breaking activity was significantly higher for the compounds with four-valent than with six-valent selenium, the efficiency being in the decreasing order H2S03 greater than Na2Se03 greater than Se02 greater than H2Se04 greater than Na2Se04. Rec assay using B. subtilis with different recombination capacities suggested that damage to DNA was produced by selenites but not by selenates. The reactivity of selenites with DNA was also indicated by a significant loss of transformation of the tryptophan marker of B. subtilis DNA treated with H2Se03 and Se02.
