ABSTRACT
We aimed to provide an overview of kidney allocation policies related to children and pediatric kidney transplantation (KTx) practices and rates in Europe, and to study factors associated with KTx rates. A survey was distributed among renal registry representatives in 38 European countries. Additional data were obtained from the ESPN/ERA-EDTA and ERA-EDTA registries. Thirty-two countries (84%) responded. The median incidence rate of pediatric KTx was 5.7 (range 0-13.5) per million children (pmc). A median proportion of 17% (interquartile range 2-29) of KTx was performed preemptively, while the median proportion of living donor KTx was 43% (interquartile range 10-52). The median percentage of children on renal replacement therapy (RRT) with a functioning graft was 62%. The level of pediatric prioritization was associated with a decreased waiting time for deceased donor KTx, an increased pediatric KTx rate, and a lower proportion of living donor KTx. The rates of pediatric KTx, distribution of donor source and time on waiting list vary considerably between European countries. The lack of harmonization in kidney allocation to children raises medical and ethical issues. Harmonization of pediatric allocation policies should be prioritized.
Subject(s)
Government Regulation , Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy , Kidney Transplantation/statistics & numerical data , Kidney Transplantation/trends , Patient Selection , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Eligibility Determination , Europe , Female , Graft Rejection , Graft Survival , Health Care Rationing/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , Kidney Failure, Chronic/mortality , Kidney Transplantation/legislation & jurisprudence , Male , Registries , Survival Rate , Tissue Donors/statistics & numerical data , Waiting Lists , Young AdultABSTRACT
The alkylbenzoate degradation genes of Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid are positively regulated by XylS, an AraC family protein, in a benzoate-dependent manner. In this study, we used deletion mutants and hybrid proteins to identify which parts of XylS are responsible for the DNA binding, transcriptional activation, and benzoate inducibility. We found that a 112-residue C-terminal fragment of XylS binds specifically to the Pm operator in vitro, protects this sequence from DNase I digestion identically to the wild-type (wt) protein, and activates the Pm promoter in vivo. When overexpressed, that C-terminal fragment could activate transcription as efficiently as wt XylS. All the truncations, which incorporated these 112 C-terminal residues, were able to activate transcription at least to some extent when overproduced. Intactness of the 210-residue N-terminal portion was found to be necessary for benzoate responsiveness of XylS. Deletions in the N-terminal and central regions seriously reduced the activity of XylS and caused the loss of effector control, whereas insertions into the putative interdomain region did not change the basic features of the XylS protein. Our results confirm that XylS consists of two parts which probably interact with each other. The C-terminal domain carries DNA-binding and transcriptional activation abilities, while the N-terminal region carries effector-binding and regulatory functions.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Plasmids/genetics , Trans-Activators/genetics , Trans-Activators/metabolism , Transcription Factors , Amino Acid Sequence , AraC Transcription Factor , Benzoates/metabolism , DNA Footprinting , DNA, Bacterial/metabolism , DNA-Binding Proteins , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli Proteins , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial , Immunoblotting , Molecular Sequence Data , Precipitin Tests , Promoter Regions, Genetic , Pseudomonas putida/genetics , Repressor Proteins/chemistry , Repressor Proteins/genetics , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Transcriptional ActivationABSTRACT
In rabbit reticulocyte lysates the addition of exogenous 2-5A leads after 10-20 minutes to the inhibition of protein synthesis. This inhibition can be blocked by rat antiserum to 2-5A. In intact ribosomes the ribosomal RNA is cleaved after 2-5A addition, but this cleavage is not in correlation with the protein synthesis shutoff. Ribosomal 5S RNA and 5,8S RNA are not cleaved even after several hours of incubation with 2-5A. The degradation of polysome associated mRNA correlates with the protein synthesis inhibition as revealed by Northern blot hybridization of globin mRNA with 32P-labelled p beta G plasmid. The addition of 2-5A antiserum to the rabbit reticulocyte lysate also inhibits the degradation of polysome bound globin mRNA.
Subject(s)
Adenine Nucleotides/metabolism , Oligoribonucleotides/metabolism , Protein Biosynthesis , Protein Synthesis Inhibitors , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism , 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/metabolism , Animals , Beta-Globulins/metabolism , Blotting, Northern , DNA , Electrophoresis, Agar Gel , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Immune Sera , Nucleic Acid Hybridization , Rabbits , Rats , Ribonucleases/metabolismABSTRACT
Treatment of rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 with Vipera lebetina (snake) nerve growth factor (NGF) induces a rapid increase (from 5 to 25-fold) in the level of (2'-5')oligo(A) synthetase activity and a simultaneous decrease (from 2 to 5-fold) in the activity of 2'-5' A degrading enzymes--2'-phosphodiesterases (2'-PDE). These changes in the enzyme activities led to the significant increase in the intracellular concentration of 2'-5' A. We have found that the serum starvation of PC12 cells causes a 1.5 to 2.0-fold increase in the level of 2'-5' A-synthetase activity, but the activities of 2'-PDE and the intracellular concentration of 2'-5' A remain unaltered. These results show that NGF modulates the activity of (2'-5')oligo(A) enzymes and intracellular concentration of 2'-5' A during the neural differentiation of PC12 cells.
