Relationship between fibrosis-4 score and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally and is linked to augmented susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), cardiovascular disease, and microvascular complications inherent to DM, such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scoring system, a noninvasive tool, is useful for predicting the extent of liver fibrosis across diverse pathologies. This study aimed to assess the potential predictive role of FIB-4 scores in microvascular complications associated with diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of patients with type 2 DM admitted to our endocrinology clinic between February 2019 and December 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Parameters including demographic attributes, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, thrombocyte levels, and microvascular complications were recorded. The FIB-4 score was computed, and patients were categorized based on these scores (<1.3 and ≥ 1.3). RESULTS: The analysis included 312 patients with a median age of 60 (50-68 years); 39.7 % were men. The median duration of diabetes was 10 years (5-20 years), and the median FIB-4 score was 0.93 (0.63-1.34). Neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy were observed in 50.6 %, 31.4 %, and 34 % of the patients, respectively. Although the FIB-4 score did not differ significantly between patients with and without neuropathy or retinopathy, patients with nephropathy exhibited higher FIB-4 scores. Notably, patients with FIB-4 scores ≥ 1.3 demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of nephropathy. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher FIB-4 scores were significantly associated with an increased risk of nephropathy. CONCLUSION: The FIB-4 score is a cost-effective and straightforward tool with potential applicability in predicting nephropathy in individuals with type 2 DM.

Effect of Music Therapy on Pain During Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy; A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

INTRODUCTION: High-resolution ultrasonography devices have led to the increased detection of thyroid nodules and the need for fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). However, FNAB is an invasive procedure that can cause discomfort and pain. Music therapy has been used for centuries to alleviate pain, and our clinical trial was conducted to investigate its impact on pain scores during thyroid FNAB. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial, including adult patients undergoing thyroid FNAB. We evaluated the nonpharmacological intervention of listening to music before and during thyroid FNAB. We used a slow, nonlyrical, flowing melody with a tempo of 60 to 80 beats per minute as a therapeutic intervention for managing anxiety and pain. It had low tones, minimal percussion, and a volume of around 60 dB. The Beck Anxiety Inventory and Visual Pain Scale were used. RESULTS: The study included 529 patients assigned to either the music group (n = 258, 48.7%) or the control group (n = 271, 51.2%). The patients were categorized into subgroups based on either a single nodule (73.63%) or multiple nodules (24.18%). When all patients or single nodule and multiple data are examined separately, the intervention group showed statistically significantly lower pain scores than the control group. CONCLUSION: Our study is among the first on this topic and the largest in the available literature to demonstrate that listening to music during FNAB significantly reduces pain and anxiety. Music therapy is an effective, safe, and noninvasive intervention that can improve patient care and reduce distress and pain.

The clinical significance of calcium/magnesium ratio in primary hyperparathyroidism: unveiling a clinical association.

PURPOSE: In previous studies, magnesium (Mg) was found to be lower in cases with more severe primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and higher calcium (Ca) levels. This study evaluated the relationship between serum Mg and serum Ca and phosphorus (P) levels in PHPT and their utility in determining the presence of osteoporosis and nephrolithiasis. METHODS: Patients who were followed up with PHPT between March 2019 and March 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. Biochemical data, renal ultrasonography results, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) reports, and technetium 99 m sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy reports were obtained. MgxP, Mg/P, Ca/P, and corrected Ca (cCa)/P values were calculated. The relationships between biochemical parameters and clinical outcomes were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: A total of 543 patients were included in the study. Patients with nephrolithiasis had higher cCa/Mg or Ca/Mg than those without nephrolithiasis. Additionally, ROC analysis revealed that cCa/Mg greater than 5.24 could identify the presence of nephrolithiasis with a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 73%. No statistically significant correlation existed between the results of the Mg/P, MgxP, cCa/Mg, Ca/Mg values, and DEXA-bone mineral densitometry(BMD). CONCLUSION: Ca/Mg and cCa/Mg ratios in particular seem more valuable in determining the presence of nephrolithiasis than the currently used 24-h urine Ca measurement. Compared to urinary Ca measurements, they are cheaper, more practical, and more accessible.

Insulin Resistance in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome is a Predictor of Fibromyalgia.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the frequency of fibromyalgia and its predictors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its relationship with insulin resistance, and to assess the effect of fibromyalgia on the anxiety and depressive symptoms in PCOS patients, and how the quality of life was affected by this combination. MEASUREMENTS: The study was conducted with 74 women with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria, which applied to our tertiary care clinic between January 2021 and January 2022, and 51 controls. Endocrinologic and rheumatologic examinations, biochemical and hormonal analyses, and radiologic imaging are made. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADs) and Short Form 36 (SF-36) quality of life scale were applied. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between patients (n = 74 (23%)) and controls (n = 51 (13.7%)) in terms of fibromyalgia frequency. This frequency was 41.4% in PCOS patients with insulin resistance. The presence of insulin resistance was significantly higher in patients with PCOS and fibromyalgia (70.4%, 12 of 17 patients with fibromyalgia for the PCOS group; 8.3%, 1 of 7 patients with fibromyalgia for the control group) (χ2 = 9.130, p=0.003). Higher HOMA-IR levels (B = 1.278, p = 0.034) and age (B = 1.134, p = 0.022) were significant predictors of fibromyalgia in PCOS patients. Physical functioning (U = 1.960, P = 0.050), bodily pain subscales (U = 2.765, p = 0.006), and physical health summary measure (U = 2.296, p = 0.022) were significantly lower, VAS pain (U = 5.145, p < 0.0001) and fatigue (U = 5.997, p < 0.0001) scale scores were higher in PCOS patients with fibromyalgia. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that fibromyalgia is frequent in PCOS patients with insulin resistance.

An old friend, a new insight: Calcitonin measurement in serum and aspiration needle washout fluids significantly increases the early and accurate detection of medullary thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: The sensitivity of cytological (CY) evaluation after fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for detecting medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a subject of controversy. The routine use of serum calcitonin (CT) in patients with thyroid nodules is not universally adopted. The authors conducted CT screening of FNA washout fluid (FNA-CT) to address the diagnostic challenges. The objective was to assess the contributions of serum CT, FNA cytology (FNA-CY), and FNA-CT to the diagnosis. METHODS: Between February 2019 and June 2022 (group 1), the authors prospectively screened the CT of patients with thyroid nodules. Both FNA-CY and FNA-CT were performed for patients with persistently elevated CT values. The sensitivity of FNA-CY, serum CT, and FNA-CT for accurate diagnosis was evaluated. Additionally, the authors retrospectively examined data from patients with thyroid nodules before CT screening (2008-2019) (group 2). They compared the characteristics of MTC patients in groups 1 and 2. RESULTS: MTC was identified in 30 patients (0.25%) in group 1 and 19 (0.07%) in group 2. A FNA-CT cutoff value of 4085.5 pg/mL detected MTC with a sensitivity of 96.8%, and a serum CT cutoff value of 28.3 pg/mL detected MTC with a sensitivity of 86.7%. In contrast, FNA-CY detected MTC with a sensitivity of 42.4%. In group 1, 18 patients (60%) with MTC were diagnosed with microcarcinoma, whereas only two patients (10.5%) in group 2 had microcarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: This study detected MTC earlier by routinely measuring serum CT in all patients with nodular thyroid disease and performing FNA-CT in those with elevated values. FNA-CT and serum CT sensitivities were significantly higher than those of FNA-CY. This study revealed different FNA-CT cutoff values compared to other studies, emphasizing the need for determining clinic-specific cutoff values.

Incidental thyroid nodules on COVID-19-related thoracic tomography scans: a giant cohort.

INTRODUCTION: Computerized thoracic tomography (CT) imaging was extensively employed, especially in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. An incidental thyroid nodule (ITN) is defined as a nodule not previously detected or suspected clinically but identified via an imaging study. The present study aimed to determine the incidence of thyroid nodules incidentally detected in thoracic CTs for the suspicion of COVID-19 pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult patients who underwent thoracic CT in our hospital for COVID-19 management were retrospectively identified between March 2020 and September 2020. Medical information registered in the hospital and national health system was reviewed. The prevalence of incidental thyroid nodules at CT, thyroid function test results of patients with incidental lesions, correlation of CT findings with ultrasonography (US) findings, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) results were evaluated. RESULTS: We analyzed 35,113 patients who had COVID-19-indicated CT scans. There was information about the thyroid gland in CT reports of 3049 patients. The prevalence of ITN was 3.82% (1343/35,113 patients) and thyroid heterogeneity was 1.11% (388/35,113 patients). While it was explicitly stated that no pathology was found in the patient's thyroid gland in 3.75% of patients (1318/35,113), no information was given about the thyroid gland in 91.32% of the patients (32064/35,113). Thus, the number of patients informed about their thyroid was 3049 (8.68%) and the number of patients with thyroid pathology was 1731 (4.93%). It was observed that 308 of 1731 patients (17.80%) had follow-up thyroid US. An FNAB was indicated in 238 patients (87.50%). Of the 238 patients with indication for biopsy, only 115 (48.31%) underwent a thyroid FNAB. The cytological diagnosis was benign in 59 (51.30%), non-diagnostic in 30 (26.08%), atypia of uncertain significance in 22 (19.13%), and suspected follicular neoplasia/follicular neoplasia in four patients (3.46%). Thyroidectomy was performed in six more patients due to large nodules and the final diagnosis was benign in two and papillary thyroid cancer in three patients. CONCLUSION: Increased use of thoracic CT during the COVID-19 pandemic probably enabled improved detection of ITNs. In this large-scale study, the prevalence of thyroid nodules reported with thoracic CT was 3.82%, while thyroid cancer was detected in 1.30% of patients evaluated with US. We recommend against using thoracic CT scans as a direct means of assessing thyroid disease owing to the low number of detected cancer cases in our cohort of 35,113 patients. However, thoracic CT scans obtained for various reasons might provide the opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease, including cancers.

A Novel Approach: Evaluating ChatGPT's Utility for the Management of Thyroid Nodules.

Background and objective Artificial intelligence (AI) applications such as Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) created by OpenAI, which represent the revolutionary aspects of today's technology, have benefitted professionals in many fields and society at large. In this study, we aimed to assess how effective is ChatGPT in helping both the patient and the physician manage thyroid nodules, a very common pathology. Methods Fifty-five questions frequently asked by patients were identified and asked to ChatGPT. Subsequently, three cases of thyroid nodules were progressively presented to ChatGPT. The answers to patient questions were scored for correctness and reliability by two endocrinologists. As for the cases, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches provided by ChatGPT were analyzed and scored by two endocrinologists for correctness, safety, and usability. The responses were evaluated by using 7-point Likert-type scales designed by us. Results The answers to patient questions were found to be mostly correct and reliable by both raters (Rater #1: 6.47 ± 0.50 and 6.27 ± 0.52; Rater #2: 6.18 ± 0.92 and 6.09 ± 0.96). Regarding the management of cases, ChatGPT's approach was found to be largely correct, safe, and usable by Rater #1, while Rater #2 evaluated the approaches as partially or mostly correct, safe, and usable. Conclusion Based on our findings, ChatGPT can be used as an informative and reliable resource for managing patients with thyroid nodules. While it is not suitable to be used as a primary resource for physicians, it has the potential to be a helpful and supportive tool.

Investigation of pre-operative demographic, biochemical, sonographic and cytopathological findings in low-risk thyroid neoplasms.

OBJECTIVE: The present article analyses pre-operative demographic, biochemical, sonographic and histopathological characteristics of low-risk thyroid neoplasms (LRTNs), with a focus on four subgroups, "well-differentiated carcinoma-not otherwise specified" (WDC-NOS), "non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary like nuclear features" (NIFTP), "well-differentiated tumours of uncertain malignant potential" (WDT-UMP) and "follicular tumour of uncertain malignant potential" (FT-UMP). METHODS: The study retrospectively analyzed the histopathology of 2453 malignant thyroids and the final analyses included 99 cases diagnosed with LRTNs. The demographic and clinical features, pre-operative thyroid function, ultrasonography results, cytopathology results, histopathology results and prognostic classifications were assessed. RESULTS: The groups were similar demographic characteristics and the majority of clinical data, including comorbidities, thyroid function tests, thyroid cancer/neck radiotherapy history. NIFTPs represented 69.7% of all LRTNs. All (100%) WDT-UMPs had solitary nodules. Index nodule volume differed among the groups (p = .036), it was the lowest in WDC-NOS [0.68 (0.63-0.72 cc)] and highest in FT-UMP [12.6 (0.5-64 cc)]. Echogenicity findings were similar. Index nodule TIRADS demonstrated a significant difference (p = .021) but index nodule halo sign and BETHESDA scores were similar in all groups. The diameter, localisation and multicentric structure of LRTNs were again similar for all groups. Finally, prognostic scores suggested similar outcomes in all groups. CONCLUSION: The majority of LRTNs were NIFTPs in our population and all WDT-UMPs were solitary lesions. Index nodule volume was the most essential discriminating sonographic finding but further research must be performed before discriminatory potential can be described.

Subacute THYROiditis Related to SARS-CoV-2 VAccine and Covid-19 (THYROVAC Study): A Multicenter Nationwide Study.

CONTEXT: The aims of the study are to compare characteristics of subacute thyroiditis (SAT) related to different etiologies, and to identify predictors of recurrence of SAT and incident hypothyroidism. METHODS: This nationwide, multicenter, retrospective cohort study included 53 endocrinology centers in Turkey. The study participants were divided into either COVID-19-related SAT (Cov-SAT), SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-related SAT (Vac-SAT), or control SAT (Cont-SAT) groups. RESULTS: Of the 811 patients, 258 (31.8%) were included in the Vac-SAT group, 98 (12.1%) in the Cov-SAT group, and 455 (56.1%) in the Cont-SAT group. No difference was found between the groups with regard to laboratory and imaging findings. SAT etiology was not an independent predictor of recurrence or hypothyroidism. In the entire cohort, steroid therapy requirement and younger age were statistically significant predictors for SAT recurrence. C-reactive protein measured during SAT onset, female sex, absence of antithyroid peroxidase (TPO) positivity, and absence of steroid therapy were statistically significant predictors of incident (early) hypothyroidism, irrespective of SAT etiology. On the other hand, probable predictors of established hypothyroidism differed from that of incident hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION: Since there is no difference in terms of follow-up parameters and outcomes, COVID-19- and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-related SAT can be treated and followed up like classic SATs. Recurrence was determined by younger age and steroid therapy requirement. Steroid therapy independently predicts incident hypothyroidism that may sometimes be transient in overall SAT and is also associated with a lower risk of established hypothyroidism.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis as a rare cause of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare multisystem necrotizing vasculitis that involves small- to medium-sized blood vessels. We report a rare case of syndrome of the inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion (SIADH) secondary to EGPA. A 53-year-old man applied with complaints of pain in the large joints and morning stiffness in knee for 2 months. The patient had the history of impaired fasting glucose, asthma, nasal polyps, and urticaria. Physical examination revealed intrinsic muscle atrophy and weakness in the right hand. Peripheral eosinophil count was 9.78 × 109/L (0.02-0.5), erythrocyte sedimentation rate 39 mm/h (0-20), and C-reactive protein 5.77 mg/dL (0-0.5). Migratory ground-glass pulmonary opacities had been reported in previous chest computed tomography scans. Echocardiography revealed findings compatible with eosinophilic involvement. Electroneuromyographic evaluation showed acute distal axonal neuropathy of right ulnar nerve. EGPA was considered. Oral methylprednisolone treatment was initiated. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and cyclophosphamide treatment and gradual tapering of oral steroids were planned. In 24-h urine analysis, sodium was 387 mEq, creatinine was 1156 mg, and volume was 3000 mL. When his medical records were investigated, it was observed that hyponatremia was present for nearly 2 years. While serum osmolality was 270, urine osmolality was 604 mOsm/kg H2O. So, SIADH diagnosis was made. Fluid intake was restricted. Although the patient's sodium level did not return to normal, it rose up to 130 mEq/L. After second cycle of EGPA treatment (cyclophosphamide and IVIG), serum sodium was normal. There is only four other documented cases of SIADH associated with EGPA. We hypothesized that blood supply to the hypothalamus and/or posterior hypophysis might be affected from EGPA vasculitis. Here, in this case, with effective treatment of EGPA, SIADH was resolved which implies a causality between two conditions.

Evaluation of Adrenal Reserve in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Receiving Thyroid Hormone Suppression Therapy- case-control Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) are exposed to subclinical exogenous hyperthyroidism for the suppression of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the adrenal reserve in DTC patients receiving suppression therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 55 DTC patients on suppression therapy and 32 healthy volunteers. Basal serum cortisol of all participants and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) of the patient group were measured. A standard-dose ACTH test (0.25 mg) was performed in patients with a basal cortisol <14.5 mcg/dL. RESULTS: In the patient group, TSH was lower, free thyroxine (fT4) was higher, and free triiodothyronine (fT3) was similar to those of the control group (p < .01, p < .01, p = .140, respectively). The serum cortisol of the patient group was significantly lower than the control group (12.14 ± 5.12 mcg/dL vs 18.00 ± 5.56 mcg/dL, p < .001). A total of 34 (61.8%) patients with DTC had a basal cortisol <14.5 mcg/dL. Prolonged TSH suppression (≥5 years vs <5 years) was associated with lower basal cortisol (7.46 ± 2.63 mcg/dL vs 9.48 ± 2.65 mcg/dL, p = .022). The ACTH stimulation test showed that 2 (5.8%) patients had a cortisol response <18 mcg/dL. The rate of adrenal insufficiency was 3.6% in DTC patients. A moderate negative correlation was found between ACTH and fT3 of patients with low basal cortisol (r = -0.358, p = .038). CONCLUSION: Patients with DTC receiving TSH suppression therapy are at risk for adrenal insufficiency. The duration and severity of suppression might increase this possibility. Dynamic testing with synthetic ACTH can be used to reveal insufficient cortisol response in case of clinical suspicion.

Association of thiol/disulphide homeostasis with Bethesda classification of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration biopsy are frequently used to diagnose thyroid cancer. However, supportive data might be required in case of diagnostic difficulty. This study investigated whether there is a relationship between thiol/ disulphide homeostasis and cytological and histopathological diagnosis of thyroid nodules. METHODS: The patient group consisted of 81 individuals with euthyroid nodular (single/multiple) goiter scheduled for thyroidectomy, and the control group consisted of 28 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers who had no thyroid nodule on ultrasonographic evaluation. All participants were selected among the admissions to the study clinic between June 2017 and June 2018, and venous blood samples were collected. The samples of the patients were taken before surgery. Thiol and disulphide levels were analysed with the automated spectrophotometric method. RESULTS: The mean age of the patient group was 45.66 ± 10.45 years, and the mean age of the control group was 43.53 ± 11.49 years (p = 0.365). The increasing Bethesda categories were positively correlated with the disulphide level (r = 0.281, p = 0.011), disulphide/native thiol ratio (r = 0.241, p = 0.030) and disulphide/total thiol ratio (r = 0.250, p = 0.024). Disulphide/native thiol ratio and disulphide/ total thiol ratio were significantly higher in the histopathologically malignant (euthyroid nodular goiter but final pathology reported malignant) compared to histopathologically benign (euthyroid nodular goiter but final pathology reported benign) (p = 0.012; p = 0.007, respectively) and control groups (p = 0.006; p = 0.004, respectively), but no significant difference was found in these ratios between benign and control group (p = 0.711; p = 0.749, respectively). DISCUSSION: Oxidative stress parameters were significantly higher in thyroid cancer. A positive correlation was detected between Bethesda categories with increased risk of malignancy and the disulphide/native thiol ratio and the disulphide/total thiol ratio.

Is There Any Correlation between Baseline Serum Cortisol Levels and Disease Severity in PCR-Positive COVID-19 Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus?

Background: COVID-19 has caused a pandemic and is associated with significant mortality. The pathophysiology of COVID-19, affecting many organs and systems, is still being investigated. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and possibly adrenal glands are the targets of SARS-CoV-2 because of its angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors expression. Hypocortisolemia can be seen in the postinfection period. COVID-19 infection tends to be severe in diabetic patients due to immune dysfunction. In this study, our aim was to investigate the relationship between basal cortisol levels and the course of COVID-19 infection in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methods: Our retrospective study included 311 PCR-positive COVID-19 patients over the age of 18 who were hospitalized in Ankara City Hospital Infectious Diseases Department or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between 15 March 2020 and 15 May 2020. Serum basal cortisol, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c values, and diabetes history were recorded within the first 24 h of hospitalization. The presence of pulmonary involvement was noted from the patients' imaging records. Pregnant and breastfeeding women, patients with chronic liver disease or chronic kidney disease, and patients who were already using steroids or had started COVID-19 infection treatment within the 72 h before blood collection were excluded from the study. Results: Of the 311 patients, 100 had Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D), while 211 did not. The age, serum basal cortisol, and glucose levels of the patients with T2D (64.51 ± 12.29, 19.5 ± 13.12, and 143.5 (77−345)) were higher than those of the patients without T2D (46.67 ± 16.38, 15.26 ± 8.75, and 96 (65−202)), and the differences were statistically significant (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, and p < 0.001, respectively). The basal cortisol values of the ICU patients (27.89 (13.91−75)) were significantly higher than those of the ward patients (13.68 (1.48−51.93)) and patients who were transferred to the ICU from the ward due to worsening conditions (19.28 (7.74−55.21)) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). The factors affecting ICU admission were determined to be age, T2D history, basal cortisol, and elevation in FPG using univariate logistic regression analysis. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, age, basal cortisol level, and infiltrative involvement in thorax CT were determined to be the risk factors affecting intensive care admission. Conclusion: High basal cortisol levels in patients with T2D may predict the severity of COVID-19 infection or mortality. Although high basal cortisol levels are among the risk factors affecting ICU admission, patients with COVID-19 should also be evaluated in terms of clinical and laboratory findings and relative adrenal insufficiency.

Assessment of calcium and vitamin D medications adherence in patients with hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy.

In this study, we found that patients with hypoparathyroidism had a problem with calcium medication compliance, and this problem increased with the duration of the disease. We also showed that patients are concerned about the possible side effects of drugs. INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed to evaluate adherence to active vitamin D and calcium replacement in patients with post-surgical hypoparathyroidism. METHODS: To elucidate the medication adherence, we performed a questionnaire survey using the six-item "Medication adherence questionnaire"(MAQ). The first, second, and sixth questions reflect the motivation status of the patients whereas the third, fourth, and fifth questions reflect the knowledge about the medication that is received. The responses are scored and patients are classified regarding their motivation to and knowledge about the particular drug. RESULTS: Totally, 64 patients (male: 12/female: 52; mean age 48.6±11.6 years) who had post-operative hypoparathyroidism were included in our study. Median disease durance was 60 months (min-max: 12-295 months). We found that motivation score of calcium usage was significantly lower compared to vitamin D usage (p<0.001). The calcium motivation score was reversely correlated with disease duration (r= -0.256 and p=0.046). The most common worry about calcium usage was nephrotoxicity, and the most common worries about calcitriol treatment were kidney damage and polyuria. One-third of the patients were taking oral calcium and calcitriol less than the recommended dose. CONCLUSION: One-third of patients lack motivation to use calcium whereas half of the patients experiences anxiety about drug-related side effects. This is a preliminary study showing that vital calcium and active vitamin D intake may be interrupted due to side effect anxiety.

Frequency of Euthyroid Sick Syndrome before and after renal transplantation in patients with end stage renal disease and its association with oxidative stress.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) before and after renal transplantation in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and its association with oxidative stress (OS) by evaluating thiol-disulfide levels. METHODS: Free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and thiol and disulfide levels were recorded before and after renal transplantation in patients with ESRD. ESS was diagnosed in patients with unresponsive TSH to low fT3 and/or fT4 levels. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients were included in the study. Of these, 69 (57%) were males and 52 (43%) were females. The mean age was 45 ± 12.61 years. ESS was detected in 39 (32%) of 121 patients. Of 39 patients, 24 (61%) had ESS before transplantation and 15 (39%) after transplantation. Sixteen of 24 (66.7%) patients with ESS before transplantation reached normal thyroid functions after transplantation. In post transplantation period, patients with ESS had significantly higher urea and creatinine (p = 0.025 and p = 0.009, respectively) compared to patients without ESS. Furthermore, thiol-disulfide levels of 20 patients with ESS at any time compared with 68 patients without ESS. It was found that native thiol and total thiol were significantly lower in patients with ESS (p = 0.025 and p = 0.044, respectively). CONCLUSION: The present study is an initial evaluation of the OS and antioxidant status in the etiology of ESS in patients with renal transplantation. These patients have markedly low levels of antioxidant products, which support the possible role of OS in ESS.

Organ-specific autoimmune markers in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: We aimed to investigate the presence of thyroid, celiac disease (CD) and anti-parietal cell antibodies (APCA) in adult type 1 diabetes (T1DM) patients. METHODS: Data of 287 T1DM patients >16 years old were reviewed retrospectively. Thyroid disease related, CD related antibodies and APCA were evaluated. Patients were divided into early onset (<30 years old) and late-onset (≥30 years old) TIDM, and ≤10 years, 11-20 years and >20 years according to disease duration. RESULTS: There were 142 (49.5%) female and 145 (50.5%) male patients. The median age at diagnosis and disease duration were 21 (2-53) and 6.91 (0-50.8) years, respectively. Antibody positivity rates were anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) 72.8%, anti-insulin 9.1%, anti-islet cell 25.7%, antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) 34.8%, anti-thyroglobulin 19.9%, anti-endomysial IgA (EMA-IgA) 7.6%, anti-gliadin IgA (AGA-IgA), 12.2%, AGA-IgG 13.0%, tissue transglutaminase IgA 7.1% and APCA 14.4%. One hundred twenty-eight (44.6%) patients had at least one non-diabetes autoantibody. Thyroid autoantibodies and dysfunction were significantly higher in women than men. Anti-TPO positivity was higher in the late-onset group (P = .044). Anti-GAD level was correlated with thyroid related antibody positivity in male patients with positive anti-GAD (r: .340, P: .006). The positivity of EMA-IgA and AGA-IgA was higher in patients with disease duration >20 years (P = .017 and .039, respectively). CONCLUSION: Almost half of the adult T1DM patients were positive for at least one non-diabetic antibody. It is important to investigate thyroid autoimmunity in patients diagnosed with T1DM at any age, including advanced age. CD associated antibody positivity increases with disease duration, suggesting that they should be re-evaluated at clinical suspicion, even if prior tests were negative.

The role of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in determining the preoperative localization of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas in Cushing's disease: Experience of a tertiary center.

INTRODUCTION: Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) is an important procedure in the diagnostic work-up of Cushing's syndrome (CS). In this study, we investigated the diagnostic performance of BIPSS in detecting the source of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion in Cushing's disease (CD) without radiological evidence. METHODS: Thirty-five consecutive patients who underwent BIPSS due to ACTH-dependent CS between 2010 and 2019 in our clinic and subsequently underwent transsphenoidal surgery were included. The indication for BIPSS was biochemically proven ACTH-dependent CS but normal or ≤6 mm pituitary lesion in pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation was applied to all patients during the BIPSS procedure. BIPSS data, MRI results, pathological findings, and follow-up results were analyzed. The diagnostic performance of BIPSS was calculated. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients, 6 (17%) males and 29 (83%) females, were included in the study. Pituitary MRI was normal in 12 (34.3%) and revealed lesions ≤ 6 mm in 23 (65.7%) patients. BIPSS lateralized the right side in 13 (37.1%) and left side in 18 (51.4%) patients, while no lateralization was observed in the remaining 4 (11.5%) patients. BIPSS showed lateralization in the same direction with pituitary adenoma in 21 (60%) patients before CRH injection and in 29 (83%) patients after CRH injection (p = 0.034). The sensitivity of the BIPSS procedure was 88%. Accurate localization of the pituitary lesion was more frequent when based on BIPSS results than on MRI (83% vs. 51%, P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: BIPSS appears to be a valuable and safe diagnostic tool in patients who are diagnosed with CD biochemically but do not have clear radiological evidence of ACTH-producing lesion.

Are clinicopathological features of the isthmic thyroid nodule different from nodules in thyroid lobes? A single center experience

ABSTRACT Objectives: Thyroid nodules located in isthmus were found less prevalent, although papillary thyroid cancer in this location was reported to be more aggressive behaviour in some studies. Our aim was to evaluate hormonal,ultrasonographic, and cytopathologic features of nodules located in isthmus (isthmic nodules). Subjects and methods: Patients who underwent thyroidectomy between 2006-2014 reviewed retrospectively. Hormonal, ultrasonographic, and cytopathologic features compared between patients with isthmic (Group-1) and with lober (non-isthmic, Group-2) nodules. Results: Group-1 and Group-2 consisted of 251 and 2076 patients, respectively. 260 isthmic (5.5%) and 4433 non-isthmic (94.5%) nodules were compared.However,most ultrasonographical features such as presence of microcalcification and halo, diameters, echogenicity, texture, margin, and vascularity were similar between groups, macrocalcification rate was lower in isthmic nodules (18.8%, 25.9%; p = 0.012). Cytologic results were also similar.Although malignancy rate was lower in isthmic nodules (6.2%, 12.5%; p = 0.002), type of thyroid cancer was similar in isthmic and non-isthmic nodules.When malignant isthmic (n = 16,2.8%) and malignant non-isthmic nodules (n = 553, 97.2%) were compared, diameter and type of tumor, lymphovascular and capsular invasions, extrathyroidal extension and multifocality rates were not statistically significant.Malignant isthmic nodules (n = 16, 6.2%) had smaller size [10.1 (7.5-34.5) mm, 19.95 (8.4-74.1) mm; p = 0.002], and higher hypoechogenicity rate (31.3%, 5.7%, p = 0.003) compared to benign isthmic nodules (n = 244, 93.8%). Negative predictive value was higher and positive predictive value was lower in isthmic nodules compared to non-isthmic nodules (p = 0.033, p = 0.047, respectively). Conclusion: Isthmic nodules appear to be indolent because of having lower malignancy rate. FNAB might be required in isthmic nodules even if it has relatively small size.The surgery with limited extent or follow-up might seem to be reliable in the management of patients having isthmic nodules especially with indeterminate cytology.

Ultrasonographical, clinical and histopathological features of 1264 nodules with papillary thyroid carcinoma and microcarcinoma based on tumor size.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the patients diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) in terms of clinical, ultrasonographical (US) and histopathological features and their relationships with tumor size. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 881 patients who underwent thyroid surgery in our clinic and diagnosed with PTC histopathologically were enrolled the study. Demographic characteristics, US findings and histopathological features were evaluated. RESULTS: In total, 1264 nodules were identified in the 881 patients. The incidentality rates were higher in the PTMC group and also in the ≤ 5 mm group. In total multifocality rate was 32.9%, and was significantly higher in PTMC group than the PTC group. PTC and > 5 mm PTMC groups compared to PTMC and ≤ 5 mm groups respectively, were more aggresive histopathological features. CONCLUSION: Since the incidentality rates were found significantly more common in our patients with PTMC and those with ≤ 5 mm, ultrasonographic features of the nodules should be evaluated carefully and for cases which are suspicious with US, US-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) should be considered in order to make the correct treatment strategy. Also our study revealed that PTC and > 5 mm PTMC groups compared to PTMC and ≤ 5 mm groups respectively, have more aggresive histopathological features.