[On the formation of Russian pulmonology: the development of the doctrine of lung diseases (first half of the 20th century)].

The articles on the history of Russian pulmonology presented in the historical, medical and therapeutic literature contain materials for this history, but their authors did not solve the problem of its consistent presentation, highlighting the stages of formation and founders. The authors of this study critically reviewed the literary and archival primary sources, for the first time proposed the identification of three stages in the development of Russian pulmonology and indicated eight of its founders at these stages. The abundance of material did not allow us to present it in one article. This article is devoted to the 1st stage of the history of pulmonology - the formation of the doctrine of lung diseases. The second (development of pulmonology as an independent scientific direction in internal diseases) and the third (organizational design of pulmonology as a new independent clinical scientific and educational discipline and medical specialty, i.e. its institutionalization) stages will be discussed in the next articles.

[On becoming of nephrology in the USSR: The role of Moscow therapists M. I. Vihert and E. M. Tareev].

The article considers stages of becoming of Soviet nephrology as independent scientific educational clinical discipline. The role of M. I. Vikhert in becoming of nephrology as independent clinical direction within the framework of the clinic of internal diseases is demonstrated. Also the role of E. M. Tareev as the founder of nephrology in the USSR as institutionalized clinical discipline is revealed.

[Moscow scientific schools on the field of internal medicine in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries: comparative characteristics].

Peculiarities and comparative characteristics of three main Moscow schools on the field of internal medicine of the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries are discussed: schools of Grigory Zakharyin, Alexey Ostroumov and Vassily Shervinsky - Leonid Golubinin; the legitimacy to acknowledge scientific clinical schools of Mikhail Cherinov and Nikolay Golubov is disputed. The arguments are provided that of the Moscow therapeutic schools, it was the Shervinsky-Golubinin school, and not the Zakharyin or Ostroumov school, that played the most significant role in the formation of the internal medicine in the USSR, in passing the accumulated knowledge and ideas to therapeutic elites in the USSR.

[On the formation of Soviet haematology as an independent scientific clinical discipline and medical profession].

On the basis of a critical analysis of sources and the use of comparative historical research method, the authors reveal the fundamental role of Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences I.A. Kassirsky in the formation of haematology as an independent clinical discipline in the USSR and put forward the thesis of the decisive importance in this process of the unified haematological school of A.N. Kryukov - I.A. Kassirsky.

[The most privy of all privy councilors in the Russian Empire: To the biography of Vyacheslav Avksentievich Manassein (1841-1901)].

The article, on the basis of archival documents introduced into scientific circulation, considers personality of prominent Russian physician Vyacheslav Avksentievich Manassein (1841-1901), who held the position of professor of the therapeutic Chairs of the Medical Surgical Academy in 1875-1892. The Manassein's public activity had special character, reaching All-Russian scale owing to the weekly "The Physician" published by him in 1880-1901. The article considers various aspects related to the scientific school of S. P. Botkin. For the first time, it is reported about the facts shedding light on complicated relationship of S. P. Botkin with his student V. A. Manassein.

[On the history of specialization in the clinic of internal diseases: the role of S.S. Zimnitsky (Kazan) in the formation of nephrology in the USSR].

Russian nephrology, like most clinical disciplines, has passed through two stages in its historical development: at the first stage, it became isolated as an important area of scientific research within the framework of the Soviet clinic of internal diseases, at the second stage it became an independent scientific and educational clinical discipline and medical specialty. The article shows the role of Kazan internist S.S. Zimnitsky as one of the founders of nephrology in the USSR at the first stage of its formation and as one of the leaders of the functional direction in Soviet clinical medicine.

[On the formation of cardiology in the USSR: who should be called its founders?]

During the XX century, specialized clinical areas gradually emerged from the general body of internal medicine, among which cardiology became one of the first. The literature has not yet explicitly considered the question of who should be considered the founders of Russian cardiology. Our data suggest that D.D. Pletnev, G.F. Lang, N.D. Strazhesco, V.F. Zelenin, A.L. Myasnikov and E.I. Chazov exhaust the nominal composition of the founders of cardiology in the USSR.

[Vladimir Nikititch Vinogradov (1882-1964): the leader of Soviet therapists].

The article reconstructs and describes, considering as a background the social political events that took place in the USSR during 1930s-1950s, the scientific biography and input into clinical medicine of professor V. N. Vinogradov (1882-1964), the prominent Soviet therapist, the Hero of Socialist Labor, the USSR State Prize winner (posthumously), the holder of five Orders of Lenin, the Honored Man of Science, the Head of the Chairs of Faculty Therapy of the I. V. Stalin Second Moscow State Medical Institute (1935-1942) and the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical (1943-1964), the full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The facts of participation of V. N. Vinogradov in the political trials on "The case of the Trotskyst block" (1938, on the side of the prosecution) and on "The case of physicians" (1952-1953, as the accused one) are presented. The issues of existence of the scientific clinical school of V. N. Vinogradov (in a sense, the united school of V. N. Vinogradov-V. G. Popov can be considered) and the phenomenon of leadership of V. N. Vinogradov among the therapeutic elite of the USSR are discussed. This phenomenon consists in dedication to the cause he served and in consecutive implementation of the priority directions of the clinic of internal diseases, developed by the teams of the departments and clinics headed by him in different years.

[The 200 years of history of national clinic of internal diseases: the issues of periodization (the fifth and sixth stages)].

This article completes series of three publications analyzing periodization of the history of the clinical internal medicine in Russia over the past 200 years. The discussion covers the fifth period (the second half of the 1950s - the mid-1970s), when the "landscape of diseases" changed, the differentiation of internal medicine into "narrow" specializations continued and the alterations of the state policy of the USSR in the field of health care was completed. During the sixth period (the second half of the 1970s and 1980s), the successful development of medicine in the USSR slowed down, the economic foundation of health care "failed" and indices of population health deteriorated. Ahead awaited the political and economic upheavals of the 1990s and total redesign of the internal medicine in organizational, economic and substantial aspects.

[Methodical abdominal palpation: the history of the development of the method].

Despite the development of instrumental and laboratory methods, objective examination of a patient is an important diagnostic doctors tool, especially at the first contact with the patient and in outpatient practice. The physician Frantz Glnard (18481920) [France] and russian professors Vasily P. Obraztsov (18511920) and Theodor Georg (Fyodor) Hausmann (18681944) developed methodical abdominal palpation, which entered clinical practice a little more than a hundred years ago. Their brief biographies and scientific achievements are review, and the contribution of each of them to the creation of the abdomens palpation is discussed in the article. For the first time, some aspects of F.O. Hausmanns biography from archival sources are present and clarify.