ABSTRACT
The first case of COVID-19 in South America occurred in Brazil on February 25, 2020. By July 20, 2020, there were 2,118,646 confirmed cases and 80,120 confirmed deaths. To assist with the development of preventive measures and targeted interventions to combat the pandemic in Brazil, we present a geographic study to detect "active" and "emerging" space-time clusters of COVID-19. We document the relationship between relative risk of COVID-19 and mortality, inequality, socioeconomic vulnerability variables. We used the prospective space-time scan statistic to detect daily COVID-19 clusters and examine the relative risk between February 25-June 7, 2020, and February 25-July 20, 2020, in 5570 Brazilian municipalities. We apply a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to assess whether mortality rate, GINI index, and social inequality are predictors for the relative risk of each cluster. We detected 7 "active" clusters in the first time period, being one in the north, two in the northeast, two in the southeast, one in the south, and one in the capital of Brazil. In the second period, we found 9 clusters with RR > 1 located in all Brazilian regions. The results obtained through the GLM showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the predictor variables in relation to the relative risk of COVID-19. Given the presence of spatial autocorrelation in the GLM residuals, a spatial lag model was conducted that revealed that spatial effects, and both GINI index and mortality rate were strong predictors in the increase in COVID-19 relative risk in Brazil. Our research can be utilized to improve COVID-19 response and planning in all Brazilian states. The results from this study are particularly salient to public health, as they can guide targeted intervention measures, lowering the magnitude and spread of COVID-19. They can also improve resource allocation such as tests and vaccines (when available) by informing key public health officials about the highest risk areas of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Electrophoretic analysis of presumptive twenty gene loci products was conducted in hemolisates and plasma samples of twenty-eight maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) from an area in northeastern São Paulo State, Brazil. The area sampled was divided into three sub-areas, with the Mogi-Guaçu and Pardo rivers regarded as barriers to the gene flow. The polymorphism degree and heterozygosity level (intralocus and average) estimated in this study were similar to those detected by other authors for maned wolves and other species of wild free-living canids. The samples of each sub-area and the total sample exhibited genotype frequencies consistent with the genetic equilibrium model. The values of the F-statistics evidenced absence of inbreeding and population subdivision and, consequently, low genetic distances were found among the samples of each area.
Subject(s)
Gene Frequency/genetics , Inbreeding , Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics , Wolves/genetics , Animals , Blood Proteins/genetics , Brazil , Electrophoresis , Genetic Carrier Screening , Genetic Markers , Genetics, PopulationABSTRACT
Os produtos protéicos de 20 locos gênicos foram analisados eletroforeticamente em hemolisados e plasma de 28 lobos-guarás (Chrysocyon brachyurus) de uma área da região Nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A área de estudo foi dividida em 3 subáreas, considerando os rios Mogi-Guaçu e Pardo como barreiras ao fluxo gênico. O grau de polimorfismo e o nível de heterozigosidade (intraloco e média) estimados neste estudo foram semelhantes aos observados por outros autores para lobos-guarás e outras espécies de canídeos de vida livre. As diferentes amostras e a amostra total demonstraram freqüências genotípicas nos locos polimórficos consistentes com o modelo de equilíbrio genético. Os valores da estatística-F evidenciaram ausência de endocruzamento e de estruturação populacional e, como conseqüência, foram encontrados baixos valores de distância genética entre as amostras correspondentes a cada subárea.
