ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to clarify the relationships between the extracranial portion of the facial nerve (EFN) and the zygomatic arch (ZA). METHOD: Four cadaveric heads (8 parotid regions), examined under 3-40x magnification, were dissected from lateral to medial to expose the EFN. FINDINGS: In a vertical plane just anterior to the tragus, the distance from the superior edge of the ZA to the facial nerve (FN) is, on average, 26.88 mm. The FN then courses superiorly and anteriorly, crossing the ZA 18.65 mm anterior to the tragus on average. Thus, three points can be used to depict a triangle: A, at the level of the anterior border of the tragus, just above the superior edge of the ZA; B, 26 mm below A; and C, 18 mm anterior to A. This so called facial-zygomatic triangle represents the area where surgical dissection can be performed with no risk of damaging the FN. Thus, the closer one stays to the tragus, the lesser the risk of damaging the FN below the ZA. If the incision is carried out on a vertical plane closer to the tragus, the skin can be safely cut up to 2 cm below the ZA. CONCLUSION: The facial-zygomatic triangle is a very useful superficial landmark to avoid FN damage when working below the ZA.
Subject(s)
Face/anatomy & histology , Facial Nerve Injuries/prevention & control , Facial Nerve/anatomy & histology , Skull/anatomy & histology , Zygoma/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Craniotomy/methods , Craniotomy/standards , Dissection , Ear Auricle/anatomy & histology , Face/surgery , Facial Nerve/surgery , Facial Nerve Injuries/pathology , Facial Nerve Injuries/physiopathology , Humans , Intraoperative Complications/etiology , Intraoperative Complications/physiopathology , Intraoperative Complications/prevention & control , Microsurgery/methods , Microsurgery/standards , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Neurosurgical Procedures/standards , Parietal Bone/anatomy & histology , Parietal Bone/surgery , Skull/surgery , Sphenoid Bone/anatomy & histology , Sphenoid Bone/surgery , Temporal Bone/anatomy & histology , Temporal Bone/surgery , Zygoma/surgeryABSTRACT
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Subject(s)
Middle Aged , Child , Adolescent , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Adult , Male , Female , Humans , Angiography , Carotid Artery, Internal , Diagnosis, Differential , Aneurysm , Migraine DisordersABSTRACT
In order to connect the appearance of macrophages and giant cells in pulmonary tissue with the time of asphyxia the authors analyzed 50 asphyxiated human lungs paying their attention on the number of alveolar and interstitial macrophages and giant cells. They compared histological specimens of 25 asphixiated humans lungs following a slow asphyxia (30 min or more) with 25 histological specimens of asphyxiated human lungs following a rapid asphyxia (10-15 min). Alveolar and interstitial macrophages and giant cells per section, were considered and numbered. Controls were done on histological examination of traumatized lungs. In the pulmonary alveoli following on acute asphyxia there were 27.7+/-4.4 macrophages per section. Subjects dead after a slow asphyxiation showed 68.2+/-7.1 alveolar macrophages per section (p<0.001). Interstitial macrophages were also frequently present. No differences are detectable in the number of polynuclear giant cells between rapidly and slowly asphyxiated human lungs. The number of alveolar and interstitial macrophages per section can be considered as a further histological evidence of a slow asphyxia and can differentiate a slow asphyxia from an acute one.
Subject(s)
Asphyxia/pathology , Lung/pathology , Macrophages, Alveolar/pathology , Postmortem Changes , Autopsy , Case-Control Studies , Cell Count , Giant Cells/pathology , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Lymphocyte Activation , Macrophage Activation , Time FactorsABSTRACT
We report a case of CO intoxication caused by a motor vehicle's faulty heating-system. A truck driver experienced severe mental deterioration, behavioural changes and delirium after acute CO intoxication and committed suicide 15 months later. This report examines the pathogenetic mechanism of CO, the immediate and delayed consequences of CO intoxication, diagnostic difficulties and current treatment options. The medical-legal aspects of the case are discussed.
