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1.
Semina ciênc. agrar ; 39(1): 403-410, jan.-fev. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1501073

ABSTRACT

Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) reflects porous system ability to transfer water in the soil-plant system. The study aimed to measure Ks through two distinct techniques. One of them was carried out in the laboratory by applying the constant-head cylinder method (CHC) in undisturbed samples, herein referred to as a standard technique. The other consisted of a simplified falling-head technique to measure Ks in situ (SFH), as proposed by Bagarello et al. (2004). We also verified the correlations of the obtained Ks values with other soil physical properties. SFH method is simpler, faster and does not require sophisticated equipment, which can be executed directly in the field. The experiment was conducted in the city of Floresta (PR), Brazil, at Cocamar Technology Diffusion Unit. It consisted of four treatments: maize-crop interrow without recent machine traffic (MI), maize-crop interrow traveled by a harvester (MIT), maize-crop row (MR) and its relative position to brachiaria crop row sown in consortium, and in maize-crop interrow (BR). In each treatment, 10 sampling points were defined (repetitions), where Ks was determined by SFH and an undisturbed sample was taken to measure Ks in the laboratory. Ks values measured by methodological approaches were compared through the following statistical indices, with their respective results: Willmott"s concordance index (0.944)...


A condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ks) reflete a habilidade do sistema poroso em transferir água no sistema solo-planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi medir a Ks por meio de duas metodologias, sendo uma realizada em laboratório com aplicação de carga constante em amostras indeformadas, denominada aqui de metodologia padrão, e outra, proposta por Bagarello et al. (2004), consistindo de uma técnica de carga decrescente simplificada que mede a Ks in situ (SFH), bem como verificar suas correlações com outros atributos físicos do solo A metodologia SFH é mais simples, rápida e não necessita de equipamentos sofisticados, podendo ser executada diretamente em campo. O experimento foi conduzido em Floresta-PR, na unidade de difusão de tecnologia da Cocamar, constando de 4 tratamentos, sendo: entrelinha da cultura do milho sem tráfego recente de máquinas (MI); entrelinha da cultura do milho trafegada por colhedora (MIT); linha da cultura do milho (MR) e posição relativa à linha da cultura da braquiária semeada em consórcio e na entrelinha da cultura do milho (BR). Em cada tratamento foram definidos 10 pontos de amostragem (repetições), onde foi feita a determinação da Ks pela SFH e a tomada de uma amostra indeformada que foi utilizada para medir a Ks em laboratório. Os valores de Ks medidos pelas abordagens metodológicas foram comparados por meio dos seguintes índices estatísticos...


Subject(s)
Soil Characteristics/analysis , Soil Permeability/analysis , Zea mays , Agricultural Zones , Brazil , Hydraulics/analysis
2.
Semina Ci. agr. ; 39(1): 403-410, jan.-fev. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-728482

ABSTRACT

Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) reflects porous system ability to transfer water in the soil-plant system. The study aimed to measure Ks through two distinct techniques. One of them was carried out in the laboratory by applying the constant-head cylinder method (CHC) in undisturbed samples, herein referred to as a standard technique. The other consisted of a simplified falling-head technique to measure Ks in situ (SFH), as proposed by Bagarello et al. (2004). We also verified the correlations of the obtained Ks values with other soil physical properties. SFH method is simpler, faster and does not require sophisticated equipment, which can be executed directly in the field. The experiment was conducted in the city of Floresta (PR), Brazil, at Cocamar Technology Diffusion Unit. It consisted of four treatments: maize-crop interrow without recent machine traffic (MI), maize-crop interrow traveled by a harvester (MIT), maize-crop row (MR) and its relative position to brachiaria crop row sown in consortium, and in maize-crop interrow (BR). In each treatment, 10 sampling points were defined (repetitions), where Ks was determined by SFH and an undisturbed sample was taken to measure Ks in the laboratory. Ks values measured by methodological approaches were compared through the following statistical indices, with their respective results: Willmott"s concordance index (0.944)...(AU)


A condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado (Ks) reflete a habilidade do sistema poroso em transferir água no sistema solo-planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi medir a Ks por meio de duas metodologias, sendo uma realizada em laboratório com aplicação de carga constante em amostras indeformadas, denominada aqui de metodologia padrão, e outra, proposta por Bagarello et al. (2004), consistindo de uma técnica de carga decrescente simplificada que mede a Ks in situ (SFH), bem como verificar suas correlações com outros atributos físicos do solo A metodologia SFH é mais simples, rápida e não necessita de equipamentos sofisticados, podendo ser executada diretamente em campo. O experimento foi conduzido em Floresta-PR, na unidade de difusão de tecnologia da Cocamar, constando de 4 tratamentos, sendo: entrelinha da cultura do milho sem tráfego recente de máquinas (MI); entrelinha da cultura do milho trafegada por colhedora (MIT); linha da cultura do milho (MR) e posição relativa à linha da cultura da braquiária semeada em consórcio e na entrelinha da cultura do milho (BR). Em cada tratamento foram definidos 10 pontos de amostragem (repetições), onde foi feita a determinação da Ks pela SFH e a tomada de uma amostra indeformada que foi utilizada para medir a Ks em laboratório. Os valores de Ks medidos pelas abordagens metodológicas foram comparados por meio dos seguintes índices estatísticos...(AU)


Subject(s)
Soil Permeability/analysis , Soil Characteristics/analysis , Zea mays , Agricultural Zones , Brazil , Hydraulics/analysis
3.
Semina ciênc. agrar ; 37(5): 3243-3252, Sept.-Oct.2016. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1500549

ABSTRACT

High stocking rates in intensive pasture-based animal production systems may compromise the development of the forage roots due to increased resistance in the surface layer. This study tested the hypothesis that an increase in stocking rate resulting from different levels of nitrogen fertilization in irrigated Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça) pasture under intermittent grazing could increase resistance to penetration and consequently the growth of the root system. A split-plot design with randomized blocks and subplots was used, including three replications and the following four treatments: 0, 200, 400 and 800 kg N ha?1 year. Evaluations performed in spring, summer and fall seasons were assigned as subplots. The highest values for area, diameter, length and percentage of root biomass (91.4%) were concentrated at the 0-10 cm soil depth, which is explained by the lower penetration resistance in this layer. Increased stocking rate resulting from increased levels of nitrogen in the Mombaça grass sward does not directly affect the penetration resistance of the soil or root characteristics. However, in the rainy season, higher nitrogen levels lead to increased resistance, as they provide higher cumulative stocking rates in this period.


Elevadas taxas de lotação em sistemas intensivos de produção animal a pasto podem comprometer o desenvolvimento das raízes de forrageiras, devido ao aumento da resistência do solo na camada superficial. Neste estudo testou-se a hipótese que o aumento da lotação animal devido a diferentes doses de nitrogênio em pasto de capim-Mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv Mombaça), irrigado e sob pastejo intermitente poderiam comprometer a resistência à penetração e consequentemente o crescimento do sistema radicular. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições e quatro tratamentos: 0, 200, 400 e 800 kg de N ha?1 ano. Nas subparcelas foram consideradas as quatro estações do ano. As características geométricas (área, diâmetro e comprimento), e a maior porcentagem de biomassa radicular (91,4%) concentraram-se na camada de 0-10 cm de profundidade, devido a menor resistência à penetração nesta camada. O aumento da taxa de lotação decorrente do aumento das doses de nitrogênio em pastagem de capim-Mombaça não afeta diretamente a resistência à penetração do solo e as características do sistema radicular. Entretanto, o aumento das doses de nitrogênio no período das águas aumenta a resistência à penetração, proporcionando maiores taxas de lotação acumulada nestes períodos.


Subject(s)
Solid Waste Compaction/methods , Panicum/cytology , Panicum/chemistry , Nitrogen Compounds
4.
Semina Ci. agr. ; 37(5): 3243-3252, Sept.-Oct.2016. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-745833

ABSTRACT

High stocking rates in intensive pasture-based animal production systems may compromise the development of the forage roots due to increased resistance in the surface layer. This study tested the hypothesis that an increase in stocking rate resulting from different levels of nitrogen fertilization in irrigated Mombaça grass (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Mombaça) pasture under intermittent grazing could increase resistance to penetration and consequently the growth of the root system. A split-plot design with randomized blocks and subplots was used, including three replications and the following four treatments: 0, 200, 400 and 800 kg N ha?1 year. Evaluations performed in spring, summer and fall seasons were assigned as subplots. The highest values for area, diameter, length and percentage of root biomass (91.4%) were concentrated at the 0-10 cm soil depth, which is explained by the lower penetration resistance in this layer. Increased stocking rate resulting from increased levels of nitrogen in the Mombaça grass sward does not directly affect the penetration resistance of the soil or root characteristics. However, in the rainy season, higher nitrogen levels lead to increased resistance, as they provide higher cumulative stocking rates in this period.(AU)


Elevadas taxas de lotação em sistemas intensivos de produção animal a pasto podem comprometer o desenvolvimento das raízes de forrageiras, devido ao aumento da resistência do solo na camada superficial. Neste estudo testou-se a hipótese que o aumento da lotação animal devido a diferentes doses de nitrogênio em pasto de capim-Mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq. cv Mombaça), irrigado e sob pastejo intermitente poderiam comprometer a resistência à penetração e consequentemente o crescimento do sistema radicular. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições e quatro tratamentos: 0, 200, 400 e 800 kg de N ha?1 ano. Nas subparcelas foram consideradas as quatro estações do ano. As características geométricas (área, diâmetro e comprimento), e a maior porcentagem de biomassa radicular (91,4%) concentraram-se na camada de 0-10 cm de profundidade, devido a menor resistência à penetração nesta camada. O aumento da taxa de lotação decorrente do aumento das doses de nitrogênio em pastagem de capim-Mombaça não afeta diretamente a resistência à penetração do solo e as características do sistema radicular. Entretanto, o aumento das doses de nitrogênio no período das águas aumenta a resistência à penetração, proporcionando maiores taxas de lotação acumulada nestes períodos.(AU)


Subject(s)
Panicum/chemistry , Panicum/cytology , Solid Waste Compaction/methods , Nitrogen Compounds
5.
Sci. agric ; 72(3): 270-277, May-June 2015. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1497493

ABSTRACT

Machinery traffic in sugarcane (Saccharumsp.) plantations reduces soil physical quality, and hinders both root development and crop yield. We evaluated the physical quality of an Oxisol and the development of sugarcane roots under controlled traffic. The treatments assessed were: without controlled machinery traffic (WCT), controlled traffic by adjusting the tractor and infield wagons to a 3.0 m track width with the operator guiding the machinery (CT1) and the previous treatment using real time kinematic / global positioning system (RTK / GPS) precision auto steer (CT2). Soil samples were collected from the planting rows, seedbed and inter-row center to determine the least limiting water range (LLWR) and soil porosity from scanned 2-D images. The root dry mass was sampled from monoliths, separated from the soil by washing through a 2-mm sieve and dried in an oven. A higher LLWR was observed in the planting row under CT1 and CT2 than under WCT. The planting row had a predominance of complex pores with a diameter > 500 µm in the 0.15-0.27 m depth layer under CT1 and CT2. In the planting rows under WCT, the root dry mass was only 44 % of that measured under CT2. Benefits regarding soil physical quality and growth roots were observed when the tractor-wagon track width was adjusted based on the sugarcane spacing using either precision auto steering or manual operation of the machinery.


Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Machinery , Soil Quality , Saccharum
6.
Sci. agric. ; 72(3): 270-277, May-June 2015. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-30064

ABSTRACT

Machinery traffic in sugarcane (Saccharumsp.) plantations reduces soil physical quality, and hinders both root development and crop yield. We evaluated the physical quality of an Oxisol and the development of sugarcane roots under controlled traffic. The treatments assessed were: without controlled machinery traffic (WCT), controlled traffic by adjusting the tractor and infield wagons to a 3.0 m track width with the operator guiding the machinery (CT1) and the previous treatment using real time kinematic / global positioning system (RTK / GPS) precision auto steer (CT2). Soil samples were collected from the planting rows, seedbed and inter-row center to determine the least limiting water range (LLWR) and soil porosity from scanned 2-D images. The root dry mass was sampled from monoliths, separated from the soil by washing through a 2-mm sieve and dried in an oven. A higher LLWR was observed in the planting row under CT1 and CT2 than under WCT. The planting row had a predominance of complex pores with a diameter > 500 µm in the 0.15-0.27 m depth layer under CT1 and CT2. In the planting rows under WCT, the root dry mass was only 44 % of that measured under CT2. Benefits regarding soil physical quality and growth roots were observed when the tractor-wagon track width was adjusted based on the sugarcane spacing using either precision auto steering or manual operation of the machinery.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Soil Quality , Saccharum , Machinery
7.
Sci. agric ; 72(2): 167-174, Mar.-Apr. 2015. map, tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1497479

ABSTRACT

Indicators synthesizing the state of the structural quality and the function of the porous system are useful for assessing soil production capacity as well as the way it may serve natural ecosystems. This research aimed (i) to determine indicators of the state and function of the porous system, (ii) to use them to derive a global index to characterize the soil physical quality, and iii) to establish a reference pore-size distribution curve for Mollisols from the province of Santa Fe (Argentina). Sixty water retention curves (WRC) of A and B horizons of Mollisols, with clay varying between 119 and 538 g kg1, organic matter between 5 and 40 g kg1, and soil bulk density between 1.09 and 1.49 Mg m3, were used. The indicators measured were: pore size distribution, macroporosity (PORp), air capacity (ACt) and plant-available water capacity (PAWC) among others. Soils were classified into four groups according to their physical properties and a reference WRC was determined. From this WRC and considering a total porosity of 0.514 m3 m3, PORp was 0.035 m3 m3, ACt 0.153 m3 m3, field capacity 0.361 m3 m3, permanent wilting point 0.136 m3 m3 and PAWC 0.225 m3 m3. Both the high silt content and low organic matter content confer on the soil characteristics with low stability, excess of small pores and low porosity of the macropore domain. Consequently, the capacity to quickly drain the water excess and allow root proliferation was not optimal, possibly due to the high silt or clay content and the low sand content, characteristic of the soil matrix of these Mollisols.


Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Soil Quality , Clay Soils
8.
Sci. agric. ; 72(2): 167-174, Mar.-Apr. 2015. mapas, tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-30020

ABSTRACT

Indicators synthesizing the state of the structural quality and the function of the porous system are useful for assessing soil production capacity as well as the way it may serve natural ecosystems. This research aimed (i) to determine indicators of the state and function of the porous system, (ii) to use them to derive a global index to characterize the soil physical quality, and iii) to establish a reference pore-size distribution curve for Mollisols from the province of Santa Fe (Argentina). Sixty water retention curves (WRC) of A and B horizons of Mollisols, with clay varying between 119 and 538 g kg1, organic matter between 5 and 40 g kg1, and soil bulk density between 1.09 and 1.49 Mg m3, were used. The indicators measured were: pore size distribution, macroporosity (PORp), air capacity (ACt) and plant-available water capacity (PAWC) among others. Soils were classified into four groups according to their physical properties and a reference WRC was determined. From this WRC and considering a total porosity of 0.514 m3 m3, PORp was 0.035 m3 m3, ACt 0.153 m3 m3, field capacity 0.361 m3 m3, permanent wilting point 0.136 m3 m3 and PAWC 0.225 m3 m3. Both the high silt content and low organic matter content confer on the soil characteristics with low stability, excess of small pores and low porosity of the macropore domain. Consequently, the capacity to quickly drain the water excess and allow root proliferation was not optimal, possibly due to the high silt or clay content and the low sand content, characteristic of the soil matrix of these Mollisols.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Soil Quality , Clay Soils
9.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 44(11): 1962-1965, Nov. 2014. graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1479540

ABSTRACT

Estoques de carbono em macroagregados do solo possuem relação com a taxa de sequestro de C no solo em sistema plantio direto. Objetivou-se avaliar os estoques de carbono em macroagregados (12,5-19,0mm) em função do revolvimento ocasional e/ou da calagem de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico textura muito argilosa, sob sistema plantio direto há 17 anos em Pato Branco, sudoeste do Paraná. A partir de outubro de 2009, foi avaliado um experimento em parcelas sub-subdivididas, tendo como parcelas, épocas de amostragens após 6, 12 e 20 meses do revolvimento do solo e/ou calagem; nas subparcelas, manejos de solo, sem e com revolvimento do solo com uma aração e uma gradagem; e, nas sub-subparcelas, níveis de calagem, sem e com calcário para elevar o índice de saturação por bases para 70%. Dos 6 aos 12 meses, a aplicação de calcário em superfície ou incorporado aumentou os estoques de C dos macroagregados na camada de 0,10-0,20m. Após 20 meses, a incorporação de calcário em solo reduziu os estoques de C dos macroagregados somente na camada de 0-0,10m. Assim, a calagem na superfície é fundamental para a manutenção e aumento dos estoques de C em macroagregados de solo sob sistema plantio direto, mantendo-o consolidado.


Carbon stocks in soil macroaggregates are related to the rate of soil C sequestration in no-tillage system. This study aimed to evaluate carbon stocks in macroaggregates (12.5 to 19.0mm) as a function of the occasional tillage and/or liming of a Hapludox loamy clayey under no-tillage for 17 years in Pato Branco, Paraná southwest, Brazil. Starting from October 2009, it was evaluated an experiment with split-split plots, with plots as sampling dates after 6, 12 and 20 months of the occasional tillage and/or liming; the subplots as soil management, with and without occasional soil tillage with plowing and disking; and as sub-subplots, liming levels, with and without limestone to raise the base saturation index to 70%. From 6 to 12 months, the limestone application on surface or incorporated increased C stocks of macroaggregates in the 0.10-0.20m layer. After 20 months, the incorporation of limestone in soil reduced C stocks in macroaggregates only in the 0-0.10m layer. Thus, the surface liming is essential for the maintenance and enhancement of C stocks in macroaggregates of no-tillage system, keeping it consolidated.


Subject(s)
Soil Characteristics , Organic Matter , Carbon Sequestration
10.
Ci. Rural ; 44(11): 1962-1965, Nov. 2014. graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-27414

ABSTRACT

Estoques de carbono em macroagregados do solo possuem relação com a taxa de sequestro de C no solo em sistema plantio direto. Objetivou-se avaliar os estoques de carbono em macroagregados (12,5-19,0mm) em função do revolvimento ocasional e/ou da calagem de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico textura muito argilosa, sob sistema plantio direto há 17 anos em Pato Branco, sudoeste do Paraná. A partir de outubro de 2009, foi avaliado um experimento em parcelas sub-subdivididas, tendo como parcelas, épocas de amostragens após 6, 12 e 20 meses do revolvimento do solo e/ou calagem; nas subparcelas, manejos de solo, sem e com revolvimento do solo com uma aração e uma gradagem; e, nas sub-subparcelas, níveis de calagem, sem e com calcário para elevar o índice de saturação por bases para 70%. Dos 6 aos 12 meses, a aplicação de calcário em superfície ou incorporado aumentou os estoques de C dos macroagregados na camada de 0,10-0,20m. Após 20 meses, a incorporação de calcário em solo reduziu os estoques de C dos macroagregados somente na camada de 0-0,10m. Assim, a calagem na superfície é fundamental para a manutenção e aumento dos estoques de C em macroagregados de solo sob sistema plantio direto, mantendo-o consolidado.(AU)


Carbon stocks in soil macroaggregates are related to the rate of soil C sequestration in no-tillage system. This study aimed to evaluate carbon stocks in macroaggregates (12.5 to 19.0mm) as a function of the occasional tillage and/or liming of a Hapludox loamy clayey under no-tillage for 17 years in Pato Branco, Paraná southwest, Brazil. Starting from October 2009, it was evaluated an experiment with split-split plots, with plots as sampling dates after 6, 12 and 20 months of the occasional tillage and/or liming; the subplots as soil management, with and without occasional soil tillage with plowing and disking; and as sub-subplots, liming levels, with and without limestone to raise the base saturation index to 70%. From 6 to 12 months, the limestone application on surface or incorporated increased C stocks of macroaggregates in the 0.10-0.20m layer. After 20 months, the incorporation of limestone in soil reduced C stocks in macroaggregates only in the 0-0.10m layer. Thus, the surface liming is essential for the maintenance and enhancement of C stocks in macroaggregates of no-tillage system, keeping it consolidated.(AU)


Subject(s)
Carbon Sequestration , Organic Matter , Soil Characteristics
11.
Sci. agric ; 71(2): 157-162, Mar-Abr. 2014. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1497394

ABSTRACT

No-tillage in Brazil is an efficient agricultural system that improves crop productivity whilst controlling erosion caused to the soil by degradation. However, there is some concern regarding soil compaction. Our objective was to determine whether the function of soil structure in sustaining crop growth was dependent on row and interrow positions in long-term no-tillage. We took soil samples from a field in a commercial farm under long-term no-tillage since 1979 on a clayey Oxisol in Southern Brazil. We assessed soil physical quality using the revised Peerlkamp technique and measured bulk density, air-filled porosity and air permeability of intact soil cores. Samples were incubated to assess in vitro N2O and CO2 production. The soil physical and structural properties showed consistent differences between interrow and row positions, where the properties measured were more favorable. The revised Peerlkamp technique proved as efficient as quantitative parameters in discriminating treatment differences. Overall, soil physical conditions in the interrow were less favourable than in the row. Pore continuity did not vary as regards position. This may explain why row position did not influence in vitro N2O and CO2 production. Soil physical quality under no-tillage system is enhanced, at least in the short term, by superficial disturbances in the row as a result of the action of the coulters of the no-tillage seeder.


Subject(s)
Soil Characteristics , Soil Conditions , 24444 , Greenhouse Gases , Soil Erosion
12.
Sci. Agric. ; 71(2): 157-162, Mar-Abr. 2014. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-27522

ABSTRACT

No-tillage in Brazil is an efficient agricultural system that improves crop productivity whilst controlling erosion caused to the soil by degradation. However, there is some concern regarding soil compaction. Our objective was to determine whether the function of soil structure in sustaining crop growth was dependent on row and interrow positions in long-term no-tillage. We took soil samples from a field in a commercial farm under long-term no-tillage since 1979 on a clayey Oxisol in Southern Brazil. We assessed soil physical quality using the revised Peerlkamp technique and measured bulk density, air-filled porosity and air permeability of intact soil cores. Samples were incubated to assess in vitro N2O and CO2 production. The soil physical and structural properties showed consistent differences between interrow and row positions, where the properties measured were more favorable. The revised Peerlkamp technique proved as efficient as quantitative parameters in discriminating treatment differences. Overall, soil physical conditions in the interrow were less favourable than in the row. Pore continuity did not vary as regards position. This may explain why row position did not influence in vitro N2O and CO2 production. Soil physical quality under no-tillage system is enhanced, at least in the short term, by superficial disturbances in the row as a result of the action of the coulters of the no-tillage seeder.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soil Characteristics , Soil Conditions , Greenhouse Gases , 24444 , Soil Erosion
13.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 29(4): 842-851, july/aug. 2013. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-914688

ABSTRACT

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram avaliar a produção, composição morfológica e acúmulo de nutrientes em palhadas de gramíneas tropicais implantadas em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, do mesmo modo, o estabelecimento, componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos da cultura da soja implantada sobre estas coberturas vegetais. As plantas de cobertura avaliadas foram: Brachiaria ruziziensis e Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, consorciadas com Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzânia-1. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com duas repetições e três tratamentos*, implantados em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico de textura arenosa na região noroeste do Estado do Paraná, em condições de campo. A palhada residual do pasto demonstrou similaridade com relação à produção de massa seca entre os tratamentos, apresentando valor médio de 2.856 kg ha-1. Com relação à liteira, os maiores valores foram encontrados nas áreas de capins Marandu e Tanzânia, com produção de 2.841 kg de MS ha-1. Cálcio e nitrogênio são os nutrientes acumulados em maior quantidade em cobertura vegetal provinda de pastos de capim-Marandu e B. ruziziensis consorciados com capim-Tanzânia. Os componentes de rendimento e produtividade de grãos da cultura da soja não são influenciados pela cobertura vegetal sob o solo provinda de pastos de Brachiaria ruziziensis e B.brizantha cv. Marandu consorciados com capim-Tanzânia.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the production, morphology composition and nutrient accumulation in straws of tropical grass in system of crop-livestock integration, as well as, the establishment, production components and grain productivity of soybean implanted on these vegetation cover. The cover crops were: Brachiaria ruziziensis and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, associated with Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania-1. It was used an experimental design of randomized blocks with two replications and three treatments, implanted in a Dystrophic Red Latosol of sandy texture in the northwest of Paraná State, under field conditions. The residual straw from pasture showed similarity with respect to dry matter production between treatments, with a mean value of 2,856 kg ha-1. With regard to litter, the highest values were found in areas of grasses Marandu and Tanzania, with production of 2,841 kg DM ha-1 . Calcium and nitrogen are the nutrients accumulated in larger amount in the vegetation cover from pasture of Marandu grass and B. ruziziensis intercropped with Tanzania grass. Yield components and grain productivity of soybean crop are not influenced by vegetation cover under soil from pastures of Brachiaria ruziziensis and B. brizantha cv. Marandu intercropped with Tanzania grass.


Subject(s)
Glycine max , Crop Production , Brachiaria , Poaceae
14.
Ciênc. rural ; Ciênc. rural (Online);41(9): 1622-1625, set. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-600724

ABSTRACT

Com o objetivo de desenvolver um método alternativo para estimar a massa específica (ME) de silagens, foram realizados dois trabalhos com silagens de milho em silos tipo trincheira. Os valores obtidos de resistência ao penetrômetro foram correlacionados com os valores de ME obtidos com o uso de amostragens por cilindro metálico e então estimada a ME da silagem por meio de regressão. Houve alta relação positiva da resistência à penetração do cone metálico e a ME estimada com a ME observada. Concluiu-se que o penetrômetro pode ser utilizado como método indireto na determinação da ME de silagens de milho.


An alternative method to estimate the specific mass (SM) of silage were evaluated in two studies with corn silages in trench silos. The values of penetrometer resistance were correlated with the SM values obtained with the use of sampling by a metal cylinder and the SM of the silage was estimated by means of regression. Since there was a high positive relationship of penetration resistance of the metallic cone and SM estimated with SM observed, the penetrometer can be used as indirect method for determining the SM of corn silage.

15.
Ciênc. rural ; Ciênc. rural (Online);39(8): 2531-2534, nov. 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-529898

ABSTRACT

O aumento da demanda pela avaliação da qualidade da estrutura do solo para o adequado crescimento de plantas tem motivado pesquisadores a desenvolverem técnicas visuais de avaliação, a campo, simples e confiáveis para esse fim. No Brasil, um número reduzido de estudos foi realizado empregando métodos visuais de diagnóstico do estado estrutural de solos no campo. Esse trabalho testou a hipótese de que o método de Avaliação Visual da Qualidade da Estrutura do Solo desenvolvido por BALL et al. (2007) para solos de clima temperado pode ser aplicado na identificação de campo da qualidade estrutural de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico sob diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo. Para isso, foram avaliadas amostras indeformadas coletadas de mata preservada (M), sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e sistema plantio direto (SPD). A avaliação da estrutura apoiou-se na aparência, na resistência e nas características das unidades estruturais de blocos de solo e foi definida por cinco escores visuais de classificação de qualidade. O método empregado permitiu distinguir a qualidade do solo de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo a partir da avaliação da estrutura da camada estudada.


The increasing demand for assessing soil structure for crop growth has motivated researchers to develop simple and reliable visual indicators to assess soil structure at the field. There are a few records in Brazil indicating the use of visual techniques for assessing soil physical quality. This paper tested the hypothesis that the Visual Soil Structure Quality Assessment methodology developed by BALL et al. (2007) is reliable for identifying the structural quality of tropical and subtropical soils under different soil management systems. Therefore, the overall objective of this paper was to visually identify the structural quality of an Oxisol under forest, crop-livestock rotation and no-till system. The structure evaluation was based on appearance, strength and characteristics of structural units from soil blocks, and was defined by five visual scores from the classification quality. The method allows distinguishing soil quality of the different soil use and management systems from the evaluation of the layer sampled.

16.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; Braz. arch. biol. technol;52(3): 541-548, May-June 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-520932

ABSTRACT

The corn plants were evaluated with different phosphate fertilizer sources and aluminum (Al) concentrations in a sandy substrate. A totally randomized experiment design was set up with two corn plants in the pots containing 2 kg of a sandy substrate, two phosphate sources (Triple Super Phosphate - TSP or Arad Phosphate - AP) and four Al concentrations. When Al concentrations increased, pH (CaCl2) substrate values decreased. There was an increase in the calcium and phosphorus contents in the sandy substrates that received the TSP and AP sources. The calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations of the corn plant's shoot were higher in the TSP than without P and AP sources. When the Al concentration increased, the concentration values of the former elements decreased. The dry mass production of the corn plants responded positively to P sources. As the Al concentration increased, the dry mass values decreased significantly in the TSP source.


Foram avaliadas plantas de milho submetidas a diferentes fontes de fertilizantes fosfatados e diferentes concentrações de alumínio em um substrato de areia. O experimento foi conduzido com duas plantas por vaso contendo 2 kg de areia, duas fontes de fósforo (Fosfato Supertriplo -TSP ou Fosfato de Arad -AP) e quatro concentrações de Al. Com o aumento das concentrações de Al houve diminuição dos valores de pH (CaCl2) do substrato. Os valores de cálcio e fósforo aumentaram no substrato nos tratamentos com TSP e AP. As concentrações de cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e de potássio das plantas de milho foram maiores em TSP do que nos tratamentos sem P ou com AP. Como o aumento da concentração de Al observou-se redução na concentração de cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e de potássio nas plantas. A produção de massa seca da parte aérea respondeu positivamente com as fontes de P. Com o aumentou da concentração de Al os valores de massa seca diminuíram significativamente com TSP.

17.
Ciênc. rural ; Ciênc. rural (Online);37(5): 1316-1322, set.-out. 2007. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-458359

ABSTRACT

A qualidade do solo em sistemas de manejo pode ser avaliada por indicadores simples ou por equações de pedotransferências. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter funções de pedotransferência (FPT) para as curvas de retenção de água (CRA) e de resistência do solo à penetração (CRP), em sistemas de manejo com plantas de cobertura permanente nas entrelinhas de laranjeira "Pêra". Avaliaram-se três tratamentos: gramínea Paspalum notatum roçada, leguminosa Arachis pintoi e vegetação espontânea com herbicida, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico, no noroeste do Paraná. Em maio de 2003, foram coletadas 216 amostras indeformadas de solo sob o rodado e o entrerrodado a 0,05-0,10m de profundidade. Avaliaram-se a densidade do solo (Ds), o teor de carbono orgânico (CO), o teor de água e a resistência do solo à penetração (RP) para ajustar as curvas de CRA e CRS em diferentes potenciais mátricos. As FPT foram dependentes da Ds, CO e tratamento para o ajuste das CRA (R²=0,94) e CRS (R²=0,87). O manejo da vegetação espontânea com herbicida aumenta a compactação do solo, reduz a retenção de água e aumenta a RP. A leguminosa reduz a retenção de água do solo e aumenta a RP, e a gramínea melhora a qualidade física e hídrica do solo nas entrelinhas. Alternativamente, as FPT exigem apenas as determinações dos teores de água e Ds para as CRA e CRS.


The soil quality in management systems can be assessed by simple indicators or pedrotransfer functions. This study was aimed at obtaining pedotransfer function (PTF's) such as the soil water retention curve (SWRC) and the soil resistance to penetration curve (SRPC), under interrows groundcover management systems of the 'Pêra' orange. Three treatments were evaluated: bahiagrass mowed Paspalum notatum, perennial peanut Arachis pintoi and spontaneous vegetation with herbicide, in a Typic Paleudult, northwestern Paraná, Brazil. In May 2003, two hundred and sixteen undisturbed soil samples were collected under beneath and between the whell tracks at 0.05-0.10m depth. Soil bulk density (Db), organic carbon (OC), water content and soil resistance to penetration (PR) were determined to fit the SWRC and SRPC in differents water potential. The Db and OC contributed to fit the SWRC and SRPC under groundcover management systems in the interrows. PTF's were depended Db, OC and treatment to fit SWRC (R²=0.94) and SRPC (R²=0.87). Management on spontaneous vegetation using herbicide enhance soil compaction, decrease water retention and increase PR. Perennial peanut decrease soil water retention and increase PR, and bahiagrass groundcover enhance the soil physical and hydarulic quality in the interrows. Alternatively, PTF's required only to the determinations of the water content and Db to the SRPC and SWRC.

18.
Ci. Rural ; 37(5): 1316-1322, 2007.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-13323

ABSTRACT

The soil quality in management systems can be assessed by simple indicators or pedrotransfer functions. This study was aimed at obtaining pedotransfer function (PTF's) such as the soil water retention curve (SWRC) and the soil resistance to penetration curve (SRPC), under interrows groundcover management systems of the 'Pêra' orange. Three treatments were evaluated: bahiagrass mowed Paspalum notatum, perennial peanut Arachis pintoi and spontaneous vegetation with herbicide, in a Typic Paleudult, northwestern Paraná, Brazil. In May 2003, two hundred and sixteen undisturbed soil samples were collected under beneath and between the whell tracks at 0.05-0.10m depth. Soil bulk density (Db), organic carbon (OC), water content and soil resistance to penetration (PR) were determined to fit the SWRC and SRPC in differents water potential. The Db and OC contributed to fit the SWRC and SRPC under groundcover management systems in the interrows. PTF's were depended Db, OC and treatment to fit SWRC (R²=0.94) and SRPC (R²=0.87). Management on spontaneous vegetation using herbicide enhance soil compaction, decrease water retention and increase PR. Perennial peanut decrease soil water retention and increase PR, and bahiagrass groundcover enhance the soil physical and hydarulic quality in the interrows. Alternatively, PTF's required only to the determinations of the water content and Db to the SRPC and SWRC.(AU)


A qualidade do solo em sistemas de manejo pode ser avaliada por indicadores simples ou por equações de pedotransferências. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter funções de pedotransferência (FPT) para as curvas de retenção de água (CRA) e de resistência do solo à penetração (CRP), em sistemas de manejo com plantas de cobertura permanente nas entrelinhas de laranjeira "Pêra". Avaliaram-se três tratamentos: gramínea Paspalum notatum roçada, leguminosa Arachis pintoi e vegetação espontânea com herbicida, em um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico, no noroeste do Paraná. Em maio de 2003, foram coletadas 216 amostras indeformadas de solo sob o rodado e o entrerrodado a 0,05-0,10m de profundidade. Avaliaram-se a densidade do solo (Ds), o teor de carbono orgânico (CO), o teor de água e a resistência do solo à penetração (RP) para ajustar as curvas de CRA e CRS em diferentes potenciais mátricos. As FPT foram dependentes da Ds, CO e tratamento para o ajuste das CRA (R²=0,94) e CRS (R²=0,87). O manejo da vegetação espontânea com herbicida aumenta a compactação do solo, reduz a retenção de água e aumenta a RP. A leguminosa reduz a retenção de água do solo e aumenta a RP, e a gramínea melhora a qualidade física e hídrica do solo nas entrelinhas. Alternativamente, as FPT exigem apenas as determinações dos teores de água e Ds para as CRA e CRS.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soil Characteristics , Inorganic Particles , Crop Production
19.
Ciênc. rural ; Ciênc. rural (Online);36(6): 1773-1779, nov.-dez. 2006. mapas, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-437792

ABSTRACT

A compactação e a qualidade do solo são constantemente questionadas para a definição do manejo de solo em plantio direto. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração, da densidade do solo e a taxa de estratificação de carbono orgânico do solo em camadas de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, textura muito argilosa, em áreas contíguas de plantio direto com rotação de culturas e plantio direto com sucessão de culturas associado à escarificação. O estudo foi realizado de maio a junho de 2002, no município de Palotina, região Oeste do Paraná. As amostras para determinação da densidade do solo, da resistência do solo à penetração e do teor de carbono orgânico do solo foram obtidas em 120 pontos, em uma grade de 2 x 5m, na profundidade de 0,40m. Foram feitas três medidas de resistência do solo à penetração, em um período de 10 dias, iniciado depois de cessada a precipitação. A densidade do solo não explicou a dependência espacial da compactação do solo. A resistência do solo à penetração e a taxa de estratificação de carbono orgânico do solo apresentam alcances de 17m. A variação temporal da dependência espacial da resistência do solo à penetração ocorre nas camadas de 0,05-0,20m. As semelhanças da dependência espacial da resistência do solo à penetração e da taxa de estratificação de carbono orgânico do solo, revelaram a importância da qualidade do solo na estabilização espacial e temporal da compactação do solo, expressa pela resistência do solo à penetração em sistemas de plantio direto.


The compaction and the quality of the soil are constantly questioned for the definition of the no-till soil management. This study was aimed at evaluating the spatial variability of the soil resistance to penetration, bulk density and soil organic carbon stratification ratio in layers on a clayey Typic Eutrothox, in contiguous areas of no-tillage with rotation of cultures and no-tillage with succession of cultures associated the chiselling. The study was set up from May to June of 2002, in Palotina, west region of the state of Parana, Brazil. The samples for determination the soil bulk density, soil resistance to penetration and soil organic carbon stratification ratio were obtained in 120 points in 2 x 5m grid, in the 0.40m depth. Soil resistance to penetration measures were made three times, in a period of 10 days, initiate after having interrupted precipitation. The soil bulk density did not explain the spatial dependence of the compaction of the soil. The soil resistance to penetration and soil organic carbon stratification ratio presented range of 17m. The temporal variation of the spatial dependence of the soil resistance to penetration happens in the 0.05-0.20m layers. Similares spatial e dependence of the soil resistance to penetration and soil organic carbon stratification ratio reveals the importance of the quality of the soil in the spatial and temporary stabilization of the compaction of the soil expresses for the soil resistance to penetration in no-tillage systems.

20.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 6(2): 149-152, jul.-dez. 2003. mapas, tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-6534

ABSTRACT

Foram avaliados os fatores que influenciam a qualidade da água na bacia do Ribeirão Aurora, Município de Astorga-PR, onde permanecem remanescentes de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e predominam atividades de agricultura e pecuária extensiva análises de parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos foram realizadas em época de seca e em época de chuvas. Para o pH, a variação foi pequena nas duas épocas. Quanto à cor, a variação ocorreu em época de chuvas, indicando um aumento de partículas que chegaram com a água escoada, ou daquelas depositadas no fundo do rio. A acentuada turbidez encontrada nas amostras obtidas na época das chuvas, deve-se ao aumento de partículas sólidas que foram carreadas para o rio. As concentrações de nitrato e de matéria orgânicas apresentaram valores elevados também em época de chuvas, o que indica o carreamento desse material através da lixiviação do solo.Quanto à dureza, provavelmente, a variação ocorreu devido ao carreamento de CaCO3 pelas águas superficiais. Baseados nestes parâmetros e comparados com os índices do Conama, a água deste rio é de boa qualidade.(AU)


With the objectives to evaluate water quality indicators influenced by riparian forest in the basin of Aurora Stream in Astorga, Paraná, chemical features of the water were analyzed where there are remaining of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest. They have been used extensive cattle rising and agriculture activities are predominant. It was analyzed the physic-chemical and biological parameters during rainy and dry stations. The pH variation was low in both stations. Color variation occurred in the rainy station, resulting in an increase of particles brought by the rainwater or of the ones lying on the bottom of the river. The prominent darkness found in the samples from the rainy season are due to the solid particles taken off to the river. The levels of nitrate and organics substances concentration were high also in the rainy season. It means that those substances have been carried through the soil leaching. In relation to rigidity, the variation probably occurred due to the CaCO3 carried by the superficial water. Based on these parameters and comparing to CONAMAs index (National Council of Environment) it was concluded the water of this river has good quality.(AU)


Fueron evaluados los factores que influeyen en la calidad del agua en la cuenca del Riacho Aurora, Municipio de Astorga, Paraná, donde permaneció remaneciente de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual y predominan actividades de agricultura y ganadería extensiva. Análisis de parámetros fisioquímicos y biológicos fueron realizadas en épocas de sequía y de lluvias. Para el pH, la variación fue pequeña en las dos épocas. Cuanto al color, la variación ocurrió en época de lluvias, indicando un aumento de partículas que llegaron con el agua escurrida, o de aquellas depositadas en el hondo del río. La acentuada turbidez encontrada en las muestras obtenidas en la época de las lluvias se debe al aumento de partículas sólidas que fueron cargadas para el río. La concentración de nitrato y de materias orgánicas presentaron importancias elevadas también en época de lluvias, lo que indica el arrastramiento de ese material a través de la lixiviación (separación de los sales contenidos) del suelo. Cuanto a la dureza, probablemente, la variación ocurrió debido al cargamento de CaCO3 por las aguas superficiales. Basados en estos parámetros y comparados con los índices del Conama, el agua de este río es de buena calidad.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Water Quality , Forestry
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