Profiles of intuitive eating in adults: the role of self-esteem, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating.

OBJECTIVE: Intuitive eating is an eating behavior that has recently come to use mainly in the young population. Knowing that the Lebanese cultural diet differs from other countries, the purpose of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between self-esteem, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating in a sample of Lebanese adults using a Latent Profile Analysis approach. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Lebanese governorates. PARTICIPANTS: 359 Lebanese participants enrolled in this study (mean age: 22.75 ± 7.04 years, 40.1% males), through convenience sampling in several Lebanese governorates. Participants were asked to fill anonymously the following scales: The Intuitive Eating Scale (IES-2), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Scale (MAIA), and the Motivation for Healthy Eating Scale (MHES). RESULTS: Our findings revealed four profiles: profile 1 (n = 67; 18.66%) characterized by high SE and intermediate interoceptive awareness and motivation for healthy eating; profile 2 (n = 86; 23.97%) presented high SE, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating; profile 3 (n = 86; 23.96%) characterized by high SE, interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating; class 4 (n = 108; 30.08) described by low SE, intermediate interoceptive awareness, and motivation for healthy eating One-way analysis of variance did not observe a significant difference between the four profiles based on intuitive eating (F = 1.810; p = 0.145; ɳp2 = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Among a sample of Lebanese people, four profiles of interoceptive awareness, motivation for healthy eating, and self-esteem were observed, with no difference concerning intuitive eating.

Maternal Physical Activity Patterns in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort: From Preconception to Postpartum.

BACKGROUND: Motherhood has been associated with reduced leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) levels. We aim to assess maternal LTPA patterns from preconception to 4 years postpartum. METHODS: The study was developed with mothers from the Pelotas 2015 Birth Cohort, Southern Brazil (n = 4273). LTPA data were self-reported for preconception, antenatal, and 3, 12, 24, and 48 months postpartum. Information on LTPA referring to preconception (3 mo before pregnancy) and each gestational trimester was retrospectively collected in perinatal. The prevalence of active mothers was calculated according to recommendations (≥150 min/wk). We described changes in LTPA between follow-ups and estimated the probability of mothers being active according to previous LTPA. We used group-based trajectory analysis to identify patterns of LTPA throughout the follow-ups. RESULTS: The prevalence of active mothers during leisure time decreased in pregnancy and postpartum compared with preconception. At 12 months postpartum, LTPA levels rose again, but at 48 months, the rates of active mothers still had not returned to preconception levels. Prior LTPA engagement was an important determinant of the maintenance of LTPA. Trajectory analysis identified 4 patterns of maternal LTPA, and ∼80% of mothers were allocated to the "always inactive" group. Higher education and income, working outside the home, multiple births, and participating in the PAMELA study intervention were associated with a higher probability of mothers not being included in this predominantly inactive group. CONCLUSIONS: Motherhood is associated with declining rates of women meeting physical activity recommendations during pregnancy and early postpartum.

Trajectories of Device-Measured Physical Activity During Early Childhood and Its Determinants: Findings From the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to describe trajectories of physical activity (PA) measured by accelerometry during early childhood and to test associations with sociodemographic, gestational, maternal, and perinatal determinants. METHODS: Data from 1798 children from the 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort were analyzed. PA was measured with wrist accelerometers at 1, 2, and 4 years. PA trajectories were estimated using group-based trajectory modeling, and associations with determinants were tested using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: Two trajectories were identified: Moderate and high PA, both showing a linear increase in PA in the first years but differing in volume. Girls (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.88-0.94), highly educated mothers (PR: 0.93; 95% CI, 0.88-0.97), and high birth weight children (PR: 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.97) showed less probability of high PA trajectory. Birth order ≥3 (PR: 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11) was associated with higher likelihood of high PA trajectory. CONCLUSIONS: Children showed an increase in PA during the first years, with 2 trajectories that differ in PA levels. Female sex, high maternal schooling, and high birth weight reduced the probability of having a high PA trajectory, while higher birth order increased this probability. These characteristics should be considered when planning PA interventions for children in early childhood.

Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents: The Paradox between Body Mass Index and Cardiorespiratory Fitness. / Risco Cardiometabólico em Crianças e Adolescentes: O Paradoxo entre Índice de Massa Corporal e Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória.

BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic risk has been shown to be inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and positively associated with body mass index (BMI). OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to analyze the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with combined BMI and CRF in schoolchildren from a city in southern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 1252 schoolchildren aged seven to 17 years. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides (TG), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated. CRF and BMI were grouped into one variable and the schoolchildren were classified as eutrophic/fit, eutrophic/unfit, overweight-obese/fit, and overweight-obese/unfit. Crude and adjusted analyzes were performed using Poisson Regression and an alpha of 0.05 was adopted. RESULTS: Overweight-obese and fit schoolchildren showed a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.50 (1.04 - 2.16) for altered TG, 3.05 (2.05 - 4.54) for elevated SBP, and 2.70 (1.87 - 3.88) for elevated DBP. Overweight-obese and unfit schoolchildren showed a PR for high TC of 1.24 (1.11 - 1.39) and 1.51(1.11 - 2.04) for low HDL levels. In addition, they had a risk of 2.07 (1.60 - 2.69) for altered TG, 3.36 (2.31 - 4.60) for elevated SBP and 2.42 (1.76 - 3.32) for altered DBP. CONCLUSION: BMI played a central role in the association with risk and CRF was shown to attenuate the association between risk factors and obesity. Overweight-obese children and adolescents had a higher cardiometabolic risk, but the effect size was larger among the unfit.

FUNDAMENTO: Foi demonstrado que o risco cardiometabólico está inversamente associado à aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) e positivamente associado ao índice de massa corporal (IMC). OBJETIVO: Analisar a associação de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos com IMC e APCR combinados em escolares de um município do sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 1252 escolares de sete a 17 anos. Foram avaliados colesterol total (CT), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD). APCR e IMC foram agrupados em uma variável e os escolares classificados como eutróficos/aptos, eutróficos/inaptos, excesso de peso/aptos e excesso de peso/inaptos. Análises foram realizadas por meio de Regressão de Poisson e uma alfa de 0,05 foi adotado. RESULTADOS: Escolares classificados com excesso de peso/aptos demonstraram uma razão de prevalência (RP) de 1,50 (1,04 ­ 2,16) para TG alterado, 3,05 (2,05 ­ 4,54) para PAS e 2,70 (1,87 ­ 3,88) para PAD elevada. Escolares com excesso de peso/ inaptos apresentaram RP para CT alto de 1,24 (1,11 ­ 1,39) e 1,51 (1,11 ­ 2,04) para baixos níveis de HDL. Além disso, apresentaram um risco de 2,07 (1,60 ­ 2,69) para TG alterado, 3,26 (2,31 ­ 4,60) para PAS e 2,42 (1,76 ­ 3,32) para PAD elevada. CONCLUSÃO: O IMC apresentou um papel central na associação com o risco e a APCR demonstrou atenuar a associação entre fatores de risco e excesso de peso. Escolares com excesso de peso apresentaram um risco cardiometabólico mais elevado, mas o tamanho do efeito foi maior entre os inaptos.

Risco Cardiometabólico em Crianças e Adolescentes: O Paradoxo entre Índice de Massa Corporal e Aptidão Cardiorrespiratória / Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents: The Paradox between Body Mass Index and Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Resumo Fundamento Foi demonstrado que o risco cardiometabólico está inversamente associado à aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) e positivamente associado ao índice de massa corporal (IMC). Objetivo Analisar a associação de fatores de risco cardiometabólicos com IMC e APCR combinados em escolares de um município do sul do Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal com uma amostra de 1252 escolares de sete a 17 anos. Foram avaliados colesterol total (CT), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD). APCR e IMC foram agrupados em uma variável e os escolares classificados como eutróficos/aptos, eutróficos/inaptos, excesso de peso/aptos e excesso de peso/inaptos. Análises foram realizadas por meio de Regressão de Poisson e uma alfa de 0,05 foi adotado. Resultados Escolares classificados com excesso de peso/aptos demonstraram uma razão de prevalência (RP) de 1,50 (1,04 - 2,16) para TG alterado, 3,05 (2,05 - 4,54) para PAS e 2,70 (1,87 - 3,88) para PAD elevada. Escolares com excesso de peso/ inaptos apresentaram RP para CT alto de 1,24 (1,11 - 1,39) e 1,51 (1,11 - 2,04) para baixos níveis de HDL. Além disso, apresentaram um risco de 2,07 (1,60 - 2,69) para TG alterado, 3,26 (2,31 - 4,60) para PAS e 2,42 (1,76 - 3,32) para PAD elevada. Conclusão O IMC apresentou um papel central na associação com o risco e a APCR demonstrou atenuar a associação entre fatores de risco e excesso de peso. Escolares com excesso de peso apresentaram um risco cardiometabólico mais elevado, mas o tamanho do efeito foi maior entre os inaptos.

Abstract Background Cardiometabolic risk has been shown to be inversely associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and positively associated with body mass index (BMI). Objective Our objective was to analyze the association of cardiometabolic risk factors with combined BMI and CRF in schoolchildren from a city in southern Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study with a sample of 1252 schoolchildren aged seven to 17 years. Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides (TG), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were evaluated. CRF and BMI were grouped into one variable and the schoolchildren were classified as eutrophic/fit, eutrophic/unfit, overweight-obese/fit, and overweight-obese/unfit. Crude and adjusted analyzes were performed using Poisson Regression and an alpha of 0.05 was adopted. Results Overweight-obese and fit schoolchildren showed a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.50 (1.04 - 2.16) for altered TG, 3.05 (2.05 - 4.54) for elevated SBP, and 2.70 (1.87 - 3.88) for elevated DBP. Overweight-obese and unfit schoolchildren showed a PR for high TC of 1.24 (1.11 - 1.39) and 1.51(1.11 - 2.04) for low HDL levels. In addition, they had a risk of 2.07 (1.60 - 2.69) for altered TG, 3.36 (2.31 - 4.60) for elevated SBP and 2.42 (1.76 - 3.32) for altered DBP. Conclusion BMI played a central role in the association with risk and CRF was shown to attenuate the association between risk factors and obesity. Overweight-obese children and adolescents had a higher cardiometabolic risk, but the effect size was larger among the unfit.

Association between objectively measured physical activity of parents and children: The 2015 Pelotas birth cohort.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to verify the association between objectively measured physical activity (PA) of parents and child in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort, a population-based Brazilian birth cohort. METHODS: The main exposures were paternal moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) collected when children were 1-year of age, and maternal MVPA when children were 2-years. The outcome was children's overall PA (ENMO in mg) at 4-years of age. PA was measured using wrist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers during seven complete days. Potential confounders were maternal age, maternal and paternal education, and household asset index. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed using linear regressions. RESULTS: Our analytical sample comprised 1326 children with valid accelerometer data and with both parents. Mean child PA was 48.1 mg, being higher among boys compared with girls (Boys: 50 mg, 95% CI: 49.1; 50.9; Girls: 46 mg, 95% CI: 45.2; 46.8). Children's PA at 4 years was positively associated with maternal MVPA at age 2 years (p < 0.001) and paternal MVPA at age 1 year (p < 0.001). A child with both parents in the highest tertile of unbouted MVPA presented higher overall PA (p = 0.001). Similar results were found for boys; however, for girls, paternal unbouted MVPA was not associated with overall PA. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results showed a positive impact of maternal and parental PA over 4-year-old children acceleration. These findings could be valuable when planning evidence-based interventions and policies to promote PA in young children, providing a broader perspective over the role of parents over children's behavior.

Cardiorespiratory fitness, screen time and cardiometabolic risk in South Brazilian school children.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is considered a beneficial effect of physical activity (PA). PA and excessive screen time have implications for cardiometabolic risk. OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between screen time and CRF grouped by cardiometabolic risk factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study evaluated 1,253 schoolchildren (54.2% girls) aged seven to 17 years from southern Brazil. The outcomes were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic (DBP), glucose, and lipid profile. Exposure was a combined variable of self-reported screen time (television, video game, computer) and CRF. RESULTS: The main result is that CRF had a more consistent association with anthropometric factors than with metabolic variables. Low CRF students, regardless of screen time, showed a 15% increase in the risk of elevated WC (p < 0.001) and a 24% (<2 h screen time) and 19% (≥2 h) higher risk of overweight (p < 0.001). Second, the increase in SBP was associated with a combination of the two risk factors, ≥2 h screen time/low CRF was associated with a 7% increase in elevated SBP (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Low CRF was a risk factor for elevated BMI and WC, regardless of screen time. High screen time and low CRF were associated with higher SBP values.

Análise de componentes principais dos fatores de risco em adolescentes com excesso de peso antes e após um programa de intervenção / Analysis of principal components of risk factors in overweight adolescents before and after an intervention program

O objetivo do estudo é verificar o agrupamento dos fatores de risco cardiometabólicos e as possíveis mudanças deste, após um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar realizado com adolescentes com sobrepeso/obesidade. Os sujeitos foram alocados em dois grupos: grupo intervenção e grupo controle. O grupo intervenção participou de um programa com a duração de seis meses, com sessões três vezes por semana, que incluiu sessões com exercícios físicos, orientações nutricionais e psicológicas. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas, pressão arterial, aptidão cardiorrespiratória e coleta sanguínea para avaliação da glicose e perfil lipídico, antes e após o período de intervenção. Análise de componentes principais foi realizada para verificar o agrupamento dos fatores de risco nos períodos pré e pós-intervenção. A análise fatorial agrupou os componentes em três fatores no momento pré-intervenção, no grupo intervenção, que representou 83,88% da variância total do modelo. Já, no grupo controle, no período pré e pós-intervenção, e na avaliação pós-intervenção do grupo intervenção, os componentes foram agrupados em dois fatores centrais, que explicam, respectivamente, 68,38%, 71,23%, 75,19% da variância total do modelo. O grupo intervenção apresentou mudanças no agrupamento das variáveis nos resultados pós-intervenção, em comparação com o pré-teste. Nenhum componente central, que inter-relacionasse todos os demais fatores, nas quatro análises realizadas, foi encontrado. Entretanto, as variáveis antropométricas aparecem como os componentes de maior carga fatorial, agrupadas no fator 1, em todas as análises realizadas, fator que explica a maior variância total em torno das variáveis iniciais. (AU)

The objective of the study is to verify the grouping of cardiometabolic risk factors and their possible changes after an interdisciplinary intervention program performed with overweight/obese adolescents. The subjects were allocated in two groups: the intervention group and the control group. The intervention group participated in a program lasting six months, with sessions three times a week, which included sessions with physical exercises, nutritional and psychological orientations. Anthropometric evaluations, blood pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood collection were performed for evaluation of glucose and lipid profile before and after the intervention period. Main component analysis was performed to verify the grouping of risk factors in the pre-and post-intervention periods. The factorial analysis grouped the components into three factors at the pre-intervention time, in the intervention group, which represented 83.88% of the total variance of the model. In the control group, in the pre-and post-intervention period, and in the post-intervention evaluation of the intervention group, the components were grouped into two central factors, which explain, respectively, 68.38%, 71.23%, 75, 19% of the total variance of the model. The intervention group presented changes in the grouping of the variables in the post-intervention results, compared to the pre-test. No central component, which interrelated all the other factors, was found in the four analyzes. However, the anthropometric variables appear as the components of higher factor load, grouped in factor 1, in all the analyzes performed, a factor that explains the largest total variance around the initial variables. (AU)

Biological and socioeconomic factors as moderator in relationship between leisure-time physical activity and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents from southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Given the important repercussions that sociodemographic factors can have on physical activity, especially in the field of leisure, and cardiometabolic risk, it seems relevant to analyze the implications of these variables on the relationship between physical activity in leisure time (LTPA) and cardiometabolic risk. In this sense, the present study aims to verify the moderating role of biologic and socioeconomic factors in the relationship between LTPA and cardiometabolic risk in adolescents in southern Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 1596 adolescents selected at random (58.2% girls), aged between 10 and 17 years. LTPA, biological and socioeconomic factors were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire and the cardiometabolic risk score (total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, triglycerides, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, and waist circumference, considering the participant's age and sex) was included as an outcome. Associations and moderations were tested by multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: It was observed a positive interaction of LTPA and sex (p = 0.048) and LTPA and school system (p = 0.037), and negative interaction of LTPA and skin color (p = 0.040), indicating that these factors were moderators in the relationship between LTPA and clustered cardiometabolic risk score (cMetS) in adolescents. A reduction in cardiometabolic risk was observed according to the increase in weekly minutes of LTPA among boys, non-white adolescents, and students from municipal schools. CONCLUSIONS: The association between LTPA and cardiometabolic risk was moderated by sex, skin color, and school system in adolescents from southern Brazil.

Body image is associated with leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior in adolescents: data from the Brazilian National School-based Health Survey (PeNSE 2015).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of leisure-time physical activity and sedentary behavior with body image concern and satisfaction in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Data were extracted from the 2015 Brazilian National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar [PeNSE]). Information regarding body image concern and satisfaction, as well as exposures (physical activity and sedentary behavior) and covariates (maternal education, age, smoking, and alcohol intake), were assessed through a questionnaire. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis revealed that engagement in recommended levels of physical activity (≥ 300 min/week) was associated with a decreased concern with body image and a high satisfaction in boys. Four or more hours spent in sedentary activities were associated with increased concern with body image and dissatisfaction among boys and girls. CONCLUSION: These findings support the relevance of programs aiming to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior in the adolescent population. Such programs play a protective role against body dissatisfaction and are important for the development of a healthy body image in adolescence.

Effects of an interdisciplinary intervention on insulin resistance indicators in overweight and obese adolescents / Efeitos de uma intervenção interdisciplinar sobre indicadores de resistência à insulina em adolescentes com excesso de peso

INTRODUCTION: Overweight children and adolescents are more susceptible to metabolic disorders. However, changes in lifestyle can prevent or delay the appearance of risk factors, highlighting the importance of intervening early in this populationOBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of a six months interdisciplinary intervention program on the indicators of insulin resistance and uric acid levels in overweight and obese studentsMETHODS: This is an interventional study in overweight adolescents, composed of a control group (n=19) and an intervention group (n=20). The group participated in a six-month program with nutritional, psychological and physical exercise intervention, three times a week. The values of waist circumference, glucose, insulin, uric acid assessment and HOMA-IR index, were evaluated before and after the programRESULTS: After 6 months, the intervention group had a significant reduction in waist circumference (p=0.007), HOMA-IR index (p=0.048) and uric acid (p=0.036); the control group did not present differences in the pre and post evaluationCONCLUSION: The intervention program was effective in reducing waist circumference, HOMA-IR and uric acid levels in overweight adolescents

INTRODUÇÃO: Crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso são mais suscetíveis a apresentarem disfunções metabólicas. No entanto, mudanças no estilo de vida podem prevenir ou retardar o surgimento de fatores de risco, destacando a importância de intervir precocemente nesta populaçãoOBJETIVO: Analisar os efeitos de seis meses de um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar sobre os indicadores de resistência à insulina e os níveis de ácido úrico em escolares com sobrepeso e obesidadeMÉTODO: Estudo de intervenção, realizado com adolescentes com excesso de peso, composto por grupo controle (n=19) e grupo intervenção (n=20), que participou de programa de seis meses com intervenção nutricional, psicológica e de exercícios físicos, três vezes por semana. Foi avaliada a circunferência da cintura (CC), realizada coleta sanguínea para avaliação da glicose, insulina e ácido úrico e calculado o índice HOMA-IR, antes e após o programaRESULTADOS: O grupo intervenção apresentou redução significante da circunferência da cintura (p=0,007), índice HOMA-IR (p=0,048) e ácido úrico (p=0,036), após os seis meses do programa; já o grupo controle não apresentou diferenças na pré e pós avaliaçãoCONCLUSÃO: O programa de intervenção mostrou-se eficiente na redução da circunferência da cintura, HOMA-IR e níveis de ácido úrico em adolescentes com excesso de peso

Efeitos de um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar sobre o agrupamento de variáveis cardiometabólicas em adolescentes com excesso de peso / Effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program on the grouping of cardiometabolic variables in adolescents with excessive weight

O estudo tem por objetivo investigar alterações nas características de agrupamento de variáveis cardiometabólicas relacionados a resistência à insulina em resposta à um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar em adolescentes com excesso de peso. Estudo realizado em adolescentes co m excesso de peso, composto por grupo controle (n=19) e grupo intervenção (n=20), o qual p articipou de programa interdisciplinar de seis meses. Foi avaliado o índice de massa corporal, a circun ferência da cintura, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica; realizada coleta sanguínea para avaliação da glicose, insulina e ácido úrico e calculado o índice HOMA-IR, antes e após o programa. Foi realizada análise fatorial exploratória por meio de análise de componentes principais, tendo sido consideradas cargas fatoriais associadas os valores ≥ 0,50. No período pré intervenção, três componentes fatoriais explicavam a variabilidade das variáveis em ambos os grupos, sendo a composição dos componentes igual entre estes, em que variáveis antropométricas e de pressão arterial compunham o fator 1; o segundo componente dizia respeito as variáveis relacionadas à resistência à insulina, insulina e HOMA-IR; e o terceiro comp onente era composto da glicemia e ácido úrico. Pós intervenção, dois componentes explicavam em ambos grupos e a composição era distinta, sendo que no grupo intervenção insulina e HOMA-IR passaram a fazer p arte do fator 1; já no grupo controle, a glicemia correlacionou-se negativamente com os indicadores antropométricos e de pressão arterial no componente 1; e glicemia, insulina, HOMA -IR e ácido úrico associaram-se no fator 2. Conclui-se que o programa de intervenção promoveu modificação no agrupamento das variáveis cardiometabólicas de adolescentes obesos, em que as variáveis insulina e HOMA-IR passaram a pertencer ao fator 1. Não foi encontrado nenhum fator central que ex p licasse o agrupamento das variáveis em nenhuma das análises, confirmando assim, a complexa relação en tre as variáveis analisadas...(AU)

The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the characteristics of grouping of cardiometabolic variables related to insulin resistance in response to an interdisciplin ary in tervention program in overweight adolescents. This study was performed in overweight adolescents, composed o f a control group (n = 19) and an intervention group (n = 20), who participated in a six month interdisciplinary program. Body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blo o d p ressure were evaluated; blood collection for glucose, insulin and uric acid assessment and HOMA-IR index, before and after the program. An exploratory factorial analysis was performed through analy sis o f m ain components, and factorial loads associated with values ≥ 0.50 were considered. In the p re -interv en tion period, three factorial components explained the variability of the variables in bo th gro ups, an d t he composition of the components was equal, where anthropometric and blood pressure variables comprised factor 1; the second component related to the variables related to insulin resistance, insulin an d HOMAIR; and the third component was composed of glycemia and uric acid. Post-intervention, two components explained in both groups and the composition was distinct, and in the interventio n gro up , in sulin an d HOMA-IR became part of factor 1; in the control group, glycemia was negatively co rrelated wit h t he anthropometric and blood pressure indicators in component 1; and glycemia, insulin, HOMA-IR and uric acid were associated with factor 2. It was concluded that the intervention program promoted modification in the grouping of the cardiometabolic variables of obese adolescents, in which the insulin and HOMA-IR variables belonged to the factor 1. No central factor was found to explain the grouping of variables in an y of the analyzes, thus confirming the complex relationship between the analyzed variables...(AU)

Efeitos de um programa de intervenção no perfil de risco cardiometabólico de adolescentes com excesso de peso / Effects of an intervention program on the cardiometabolic risk profile of overweight adolescents

O objetivo do estudo é analisar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar no perfil de risco cardiometabólico de adolescentes com diagnóstico de sobrepeso/ obesidade. Estudo de intervenção, realizado com adolescentes com excesso de peso, constituído por grupo controle e grupo intervenção, o qual participou de um programa interdisciplinar com duração de seis meses. O grupo experimental final é composto por 23 adolescentes (12 sexo feminino e 11 sexo masculino). No início do programa, quatro adolescentes apresentavam sobrepeso e 19 obesidade. O grupo controle é composto pelo mesmo número de sujeitos, uma vez que este foi composto pelos pares dos escolares do grupo experimental. A intervenção contou com sessões de exercícios físicos, em três dias da semana e orientações nutricionais e psicológicas, uma vez por semana. Uma avaliação foi realizada antes do inicio do programa e logo após seu término. As avaliações consistiram em variáveis antropométricas - índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura, razão cintura-estatura e razão cintura -quadril, avaliação da pressão arterial, da aptidão cardiorrespiratória e coleta sanguínea para avaliação do perfil lipídico. Para a comparação das variáveis no período pré e pós-intervenção foi utilizado o teste t para amostras pareadas, para as variáveis de distribuição normal e, para as variáveis não paramétricas, foi aplicado o t este de Wilcoxon, considerando o nível de significância de p<0,05. O programa de intervenção foi eficaz n a redução de todos os indicadores antropométricos, na melhora dos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e na redução dos níveis de colesterol LDL. Entretanto, não modificou de forma significativa o s níveis de pressão arterial e demais parâmetros do perfil lipídico (colesterol total, HDL e triglicerídeos)...(AU)

: The objective of the study is to analyze the effects of an interdisciplinary in terven tion program on the cardiometabolic risk profile of adolescents diagnosed as overweight / obese. Intervention study with overweight adolescents, consisting of a control group and an intervention group, which participated in an interdisciplinary program lasting six months. The final experimental group co nsists o f 23 adolescents (12 females and 11 males). At the beginning of the program, four adolescents were overweight and 19 were obese. The control group is composed of the number of subject s, sin ce it was composed by the pairs of students in the experimental group. The intervention coun ted o n sessio n s o f physical exercises, in three days of the week and nutritional and psychological orientations, once a week . An evaluation was carried out before the start of the program and soon after its completion. The evaluations consisted of anthropometric variable - body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-waist ratio, and waist-to-hip ratio, arterial pressure, cardiorespiratory fitness evaluation and blood collection t o evaluate the lipid profile. For the comparison of the variables in the pre- and post-intervention period, t he t-test for paired samples was used for the variables of normal distribution and fo r th e n on-parametric variables the Wilcoxon test was used, considering the level of significance of p < 0.05. The intervention program was effective in reducing all anthropometric indicators, improving cardiorespiratory fitness levels and reducing LDL cholesterol levels. However, it did not significantly modify the blood pressure levels and other parameters of the lipid profile (total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides)...(AU)

Youth overweight/obesity and its relationship with cardiovascular disease and parental risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is gradually increasing in both developed and developing countries. Obesity, for instance, can present multifactorial causes that interact with each other. Among the important factors, parental obesity plays a prominent role in the onset of obesity during childhood and teenage years through genetics and ambient aspects. This study aims to verify the possible existence of an association between overweight/obesity of schoolchildren and cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors for their parents. SUBJETCS AND METHODS: For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1,243 children and adolescents, aged between 7 and 17. Out of the total number of participants, 563 (45.3%) were boys who were selected across 19 schools in the urban and rural areas of Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The overweight/obesity status of the schoolchildren was evaluated through their body mass index (BMI). Additionally, a self-reference questionnaire was employed to measure their parents' CVR. RESULTS: The results of this study revealed that students with overweight/obesity have a higher probability of having a father with hypertension (OR = 1.49; p = 0.038) and obesity (OR = 2.36; p = 0.002) and a mother with obesity (OR = 1.72; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: To conclude, this study confirms a relationship between overweight/obesity of schoolchildren with CVR for their parents.

Youth overweight/obesity and its relationship with cardiovascular disease and parental risk factors

ABSTRACT Objective The prevalence of overweight and obesity is gradually increasing in both developed and developing countries. Obesity, for instance, can present multifactorial causes that interact with each other. Among the important factors, parental obesity plays a prominent role in the onset of obesity during childhood and teenage years through genetics and ambient aspects. This study aims to verify the possible existence of an association between overweight/obesity of schoolchildren and cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors for their parents. Subjetcs and methods For this purpose, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1,243 children and adolescents, aged between 7 and 17. Out of the total number of participants, 563 (45.3%) were boys who were selected across 19 schools in the urban and rural areas of Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The overweight/obesity status of the schoolchildren was evaluated through their body mass index (BMI). Additionally, a self-reference questionnaire was employed to measure their parents' CVR. Results The results of this study revealed that students with overweight/obesity have a higher probability of having a father with hypertension (OR = 1.49; p = 0.038) and obesity (OR = 2.36; p = 0.002) and a mother with obesity (OR = 1.72; p = 0.016). Conclusion To conclude, this study confirms a relationship between overweight/obesity of schoolchildren with CVR for their parents.

Cardiometabolic risk factors associated with active commuting to school / Fatores de risco cardiometabólicos associados ao deslocamento ativo à escola

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify if there is an association between cardiometabolic risk factors and active daily commuting to school among children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 1,743 schoolchildren aged 7 to 17 years old were evaluated in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). The way of commuting to school was investigated with a questionnaire, and the cardiometabolic risk factors analyzed were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC) and fractions, LDL and HDL. Results: The prevalence of active commuting among schoolchildren was 48.0% (95%CI 45.7-50.4), and it was associated, in the crude analysis, with blood glucose and LDL cholesterol levels. Passive schoolchildren had a 1.1 higher prevalence ratio of high glucose and LDL cholesterol levels. However, when sociodemographic variables were included in the model, these associations were not maintained. Conclusions: The prevalence of active commuting in the sample studied is low and it was shown to have a crude association with glucose and LDL cholesterol levels in students. However, sociodemographic factors seem to influence these associations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar se existe associação entre fatores de risco cardiometabólicos e deslocamento ativo à escola em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Foram avaliados 1.743 escolares, de sete a 17 anos, do município de Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). A forma de deslocamento até a escola foi investigada por meio de questionário e os fatores de risco cardiometabólicos analisados foram: o índice de massa corpórea (IMC), a circunferência da cintura (CC), a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e a diastólica (PAD), glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total (CT), LDL e HDL. Resultados: A prevalência de deslocamento ativo entre os escolares foi de 48,0% (IC95% 45,7-50,4) e associou-se, na análise bruta, com os níveis de glicose e colesterol LDL. Escolares que se deslocavam de forma passiva apresentaram uma razão de prevalência (RP) 1,1 vez maior de glicose e colesterol LDL elevados. No entanto, ao serem incluídas variáveis sociodemográficas no modelo, essas associações não se mantiveram. Conclusões: Conclui-se que a prevalência de deslocamento ativo na amostra estudada é baixa e que o deslocamento ativo à escola apresentou associação bruta com os níveis sanguíneos de glicose e de colesterol LDL dos escolares, sendo que se deslocar de forma ativa parece auxiliar na redução desses níveis. Porém, fatores sociodemográficos parecem exercer influência sobre estas associações.

Aptidão cardiorrespiratória e excesso de peso em escolares: revisão na base de dados Scielo / Cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight in schoolchildren: review in the Scielo database / Aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y exceso de peso en escolares: revisión en la base de datos Scielo

A avaliação da aptidão física de obesos pode contribuir para a identificação de alterações fisiológicas que ofereçam risco à saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar os artigos publicados sobre a relação entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e o excesso de peso em escolares. A revisão foi realizada na base de dados SciELO, através da busca das palavras-chaves "capacidade cardiorrespiratória", "aptidão cardiorrespiratória", "aptidão física", "obesidade", "sobrepeso", "crianças", "adolescentes", "escolares" e os respectivos termos em inglês, publicados entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2019. Identificou-se 285 artigos, dos quais nove estudos transversais ou longitudinais foram selecionados. Cinco deles encontraram uma maior probabilidade de inaptidão cardiorrespiratória entre escolares com sobrepeso e obesidade. Quatro relataram a relação da baixa aptidão física com maior risco de sobrepeso e obesidade. A relação entre excesso de peso e baixa capacidade cardiorrespiratória encontra resultados que a sustentam em todos os estudos incluídos nesta revisão, evidenciando a importância de monitorar esses fatores na população jovem por constituírem importantes indicadores de saúde.

Fitness assessment of obese people can contribute to the identification of physiological changes that offer health risks. This study reviewed the articles published on the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight in schoolchildren. The review was conducted in the SciELO database, using the keywords: "capacidade cardiorrespiratória", "aptidão cardiorrespiratória", "aptidão física", "obesidade", "sobrepeso", "crianças", "adolescentes", "escolares" and the respective terms in English, published between January 2010 and December 2019. In total, 285 articles were identified, of which nine cross-sectional or longitudinal studies were selected. Five studies found a greater likelihood of cardiorespiratory disability among overweight and obese students. Four studies reported the relationship between low fitness and a higher risk of overweight and obesity. The relationship between overweight and low cardiorespiratory capacity was support it in all studies included in this review, evidencing the importance of monitoring these factors in the young population, since they are important health indicators.

La evaluación de aptitud física de las personas obesas puede contribuir a la identificación de cambios fisiológicos que presentan riesgos para la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar los artículos publicados sobre la relación entre la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y el exceso de peso en escolares. La revisión se realizó en la base de datos SciELO, utilizando las palabras clave "capacidad cardiorrespiratoria", "aptitud cardiorrespiratoria", "aptitud física", "obesidad", "sobrepeso", "niños", "adolescentes", "escolares" y los respectivos términos en inglés de textos publicados entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2019. Se identificaron 285 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron nueve estudios transversales o longitudinales. Cinco estudios encontraron una mayor probabilidad de discapacidad cardiorrespiratoria entre estudiantes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Cuatro estudios informaron la relación entre una baja aptitud física y un mayor riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad. La relación entre sobrepeso y baja capacidad cardiorrespiratoria encuentra resultados que la apoyan en todos los estudios incluidos en esta revisión, evidenciando la importancia de monitorear estos factores en la población joven, porque son importantes indicadores de salud.

CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ACTIVE COMMUTING TO SCHOOL.

OBJECTIVE: To verify if there is an association between cardiometabolic risk factors and active daily commuting to school among children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 1,743 schoolchildren aged 7 to 17 years old were evaluated in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). The way of commuting to school was investigated with a questionnaire, and the cardiometabolic risk factors analyzed were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC) and fractions, LDL and HDL. RESULTS: The prevalence of active commuting among schoolchildren was 48.0% (95%CI 45.7-50.4), and it was associated, in the crude analysis, with blood glucose and LDL cholesterol levels. Passive schoolchildren had a 1.1 higher prevalence ratio of high glucose and LDL cholesterol levels. However, when sociodemographic variables were included in the model, these associations were not maintained. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of active commuting in the sample studied is low and it was shown to have a crude association with glucose and LDL cholesterol levels in students. However, sociodemographic factors seem to influence these associations.

Associação do estado nutricional e aptidão cardiorrespiratória com a prática de atividade física e indicadores de obesidade familiar em escolares / Association of nutritional status and cardiorespiratory fitness with the practice of physical activity and indicators of family obesity in schoolchildren

Estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e aptidão car-diorrespiratória (APCR) com a prática de atividade física e indicadores de obesidade familiar em escolares. A amostra foi de 1.254 escolares de 7 a 17 anos de idade (54,7% do feminino, 12,0±3,0 anos). Avaliou-se o histórico de obesidade familiar, peso ao nascer, amamentação exclusiva por leite materno e prática de atividades físicas por meio de questionário. A APCR e IMC foram agrupados na variável APCR/IMC: 1) apto/eutrófico; 2) inapto/eutrófico; 3) apto/excesso de peso e; 4) inapto/excesso de peso. Observou-se elevada proporção de escolares inaptos/obesos (19,7% no masculino e 17,6% no feminino). APCR/IMC associou-se de forma negativa com a prática de atividades físicas [(RP= 0,80; IC95%: 0,70-0,92) e (RP= 0,73; IC95%: 0,58-0,91)]; e amamentação exclusiva [(RP= 0,82; IC95%: 0,70-0,97) e (RP= 0,72; IC95%: 0,55-0,96)]; e de forma positiva com obesidade do pai (RP= 2,20; IC95%: 1,43-3,40), e peso ao nascer [(RP= 1,73; IC95%: 1,07-2,81) e (RP= 2,52; IC95%: 1,06-5,99)]. A prática de atividade física e amamentação exclusiva estão associadas a menor proba-bilidade e a obesidade do pai e o peso normal/elevado ao nascer a maior probabilidade de escolares apresentarem menores níveis de aptidão e excesso de peso.

The objective of this study was to analyze the association between body mass index (BMI) and cardiorespira-tory fitness (APCR) with physical activity and indicators of family obesity in schoolchildren. The sample con-sisted of 1.254 schoolchildren aged 7 to 17 years (54,7% female, 12,0 ± 3,0 years). We evaluated the history of family obesity, birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding for breast milk and physical activity practice through a questionnaire. The APCR and BMI were grouped in the variable APCR/IMC: 1) apt/eutrophic; 2) unfit/eutrophic; 3) fit/overweight and; 4) unfit/overweight. A high proportion of unfit/obese students was observed (19,7% in males and 17,6% in females). APCR / IMC was negatively associated with physical activity (PR= 0,80; 95%CI: 0,70-0,92) and (PR= 0,73; 95%CI: 0,58-0,91); and exclusive breastfeeding [(PR= 0,82; 95%CI: 0,70-0,97) and (PR= 0,72; 95%CI: 0,55-0,96)]; (OR= 2,20; 95%CI: 1,43-3,40), and birth weight (RP= 1,73; 95%CI: 1,07-2,81) and (RP= 2,52; 95%CI: 1,06-5,99)]. The practice of physical activity and exclusive breastfeeding are associated with a lower probability and the father's obesity and the normal/high weight at birth are more likely to present lower levels of aptitude and excess weight.

Insatisfação corporal de escolares e sua relação com o estado nutricional real / Body dissatisfaction among school children and its relation with the real nutritional state / Insatisfacción corporal de estudiantes y su relación con el estado nutricional real

Este estudo objetiva identificar a prevalência da insatisfação corporal entre os escolares e relacioná-la com o seu real estado nutricional. Foram avaliados 1578 escolares do município de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, através das medidas de peso e altura, para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e questionário para avaliar a satisfação com o peso corporal. Os resultados demonstram que a insatisfação corporal foi significativamente maior entre as meninas, os adolescentes e os níveis socioeconômicos mais altos. Os escolares, em sua maioria, mostraram uma percepção corporal condizente com o estado nutricional real, porém, alguns resultados preocupantes foram encontrados que apontam uma distorção entre a percepção corporal e o estado nutricional real, como o percentual de meninas eutróficas que gostariam de diminuir de peso, e escolares com excesso de peso que declararam estarem satisfeitos com seu peso ou ainda, que gostariam de aumentá-lo.

This paper aims to identify the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among schoolchildren and relate it to their real nutritional status. The evaluation included 1578 schoolchildren in the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, through the measures of weight and height, for the calculation of the body mass index (BMI) and questionnaire to evaluate the satisfaction with the body weight. The results show that body dissatisfaction was significantly higher among the girls, among the adolescents and among the higher economic classes. Most schoolchildren showed a body perception consistent with the actual nutritional status, however, some worrying results were found that point out a distortion between body perception and actual nutritional status, as the percentage of eutrophic girls who would like to decrease weight, and overweight school children who said they were satisfied with their weight or who would like to increase it.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de la insatisfacción corporal entre los estudiantes y relacionarlo con su estado nutricional real. Evaluaron en 1578 escolares de la ciudad de Santa Cruz do Sul-RS, a través de las medidas de peso y altura, para el cálculo del índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el cuestionario para evaluar la satisfacción con el peso corporal. Los resultados muestran que la insatisfacción corporal fue significativamente mayor entre las niñas, los adolescentes y entre los más altos niveles socioeconómicos. Los escolares, en su mayoría, mostraron una percepción corporal acorde con el estado nutricional real, sin embargo, algunos resultados preocupantes fueron encontrados que apunta una distorsión entre la percepción corporal y el estado nutricional real, como el porcentaje de niñas eutróficas que les gustaría disminuir peso, y escolares con sobrepeso que declararon estar satisfechos con su peso o aún, que les gustaría aumentarlo.