[Effect of metal cations on the formation of antibiotic and pigment by the mycophilic fungus Hypomyces rosellus 94/77]. / Vliianie kationov nekotorykh metallov na obrazovanie antibiotika i pigmenta mikofil'nym gribom Hypomyces rosellus 94/77.

Using the method of mathematical planning of experiment the effect of calcium, magnesium, manganese, iron, zinc and copper on synthesis of antibiotic and pigment by mycophilic fungus Hypomyces rosellus has been studied. The ions of Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+ have been found to be important for antibiotic and pigment formation by fungus, the ions of Mg2+ and Mn2+ are interchangeable.

[Selection of the seeding media and the age and quantity of mycelia providing simultaneous biosynthesis of an antibiotic and pigment by the fungus Hypomyces rosellus]. / Podbor posevnykh sred, vozrasta i kolichestva mitseliia, obespechivaiushchikh odnovremennyi biosintez antibiotika i pigmenta u griba Hypomyces rosellus.

The authors observed maximum simultaneous biosynthesis of antibiotic and pigment in the microphilic fungus with using 48-hour seed mycelium having the specific growth rate of 0.008-0.011 h-1 in an amount of 5-7 per cent (v). The Balling 4 degrees wart and Chapek medium with 1 per cent of soybean flower and 1 per cent of corn steep liquor may be used for growing the seed mycelium. No significant effect of the seed medium composition and seed mycelium age on the pigment production was observed.

[Development of a synthetic medium for the growth of the mycophilous fungus Hypomyces rosellus 94/77 and its synthesis of an antibiotic and a pigment]. / Razrabotka sinteticheskoi sredy dlia rosta mikofil'nogo griba Hypomyces rosellus 94/77 i sinteza im antibiotika i pigmenta.

Using the method of mathematical design of an experiment the synthetic medium ensuring the growth of the mycophilous fungus Hypomyces rosellus 94/77 and its production of antibiotic and pigment has been worked out.

[Optimizing the composition of the medium for the biosynthesis of antibiotic, proteases and pigments by the mycophilic fungus Hypomyces rosellus using a mathematical experimental design method]. / Optimizatsiia sostava sredy dlia biosinteza antibiotika, proteaz i pigmentov mikofil'nym gribom Hypomyces rosellus s pomoshch'iu metoda matematicheskogo planirovaniia ékpserimenta.

Regulation of protease and pigment production in Hypomyces rosellus by the medium components was easier than that of antibiotic production. Medium was developed. The activity of exoproteases and pigment with the use of this medium increased up to 385-800 PU/ml and 0.68-0.83 arbitrary units, respectively. The level of the antibiotic biosynthesis was insignificant.

[Bacteria decomposing technical oils]. / Bakterii, razrushaiushchee tekhnicheskie masla.

Fifty bacterial cultures were isolated from technical oils stored for different periods of time. Twenty out of the fifty strains decomposed technical oils. The bacteria were identified and classified as Bacillus strains. Bacillus subtilis, strains 7 and 10, and B. pumilus, strain 13, isolated from oils MK-8 + 10% Akor-1 and MT-16p as well as from AMG-10 were found to be most active and can be recommended as test cultures to study the resistance of technical oils against bacterial degradation.

[Properties of the extracellular proteases of Hypomyces rosellus]. / Izuchenie nekotorykh svoistv vnekletochnyk proteaz Hypomyces rosellus.

A protease complex with high caseinolytic activity capable of hydrolysing various protein substrates was isolated from the culture fluid of Hypomyces rosellus. The preparation is stable at pH 6.0-11.0. The temperature optimum of its activity and stability is 50 degrees C. The protease complex preserves its initial activity at 4 degrees C for a month.

[Biosynthetic activity of cultures of different species of the genus Actinomadura]. / Izuchenie biosinteticheskoi aktivnosti kul'tur raznykh vidov roda Actinomadura.

The ability to synthesize antibiotics and exoproteases was studied in 13 species belonging to the Actinomadura genus. The antibiotic and proteolytic activities were found only in A. fulvescens INA-3321 and A. citrea INA-1849. Glycerol was shown to be the best carbon source for the growth and biosynthetic activity of A. fulvescens. A. citrea had a wider spectrum of carbon sources used for the growth and a higher proteolytic and antibiotic activity. A. citrea exerted the maximal biosynthetic activity and the best growth in a medium with starch and xylose. The effect of different nitrogen sources on the growth and biosynthetic activity of A. citrea was also studied.

[Selection of the medium for the simultaneous synthesis of an antibiotic, protease and pigment by a Nocardia fructiferi culture]. / Podbor sredy dlia odnovremennogo sinteza kul'turoi Nocardia fructiferi antibiotika, proteaz i pigmenta.

Using method of mathematical planning of experiment the culture medium ensuring the simultaneous intensive production of ristomycin, protease and violet pigment by Nocardia fructiferi has been worked out.

[Several conditions of formation and isolation of violet pigment from culture fluid of Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycin]. / Izuchenie nekotorykh uslovii obrazovaniia i vydelenie iz kul'tural'noi zhidkosti Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini fioletovogo pigmenta.

A new water-soluble photochromogenic fluorescent violet pigment with the indicator properties was isolated from the culture fluid of Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini, strain 76. By its solubility and mobility in various solvent systems and by the absorption spectrum the new pigment is close but not identical to such a pigment as rubrocyanin. The presence of microelements, i.e. iron and magnesium in the medium was shown to be necessary for production of violet pigment.

[Properties of the extracellular proteases of Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini]. / Izuchenie nekotorykh svoistv vnekletochnykh proteaz Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini.

A complex of proteases was isolated from the culture fluid of Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini, strain 76. The complex showed caseinolytic activity and was capable of coagulating milk for 30 minutes. It was stable at a temperature of 50 degrees C and pH 8.0. The maximum level of casein hydrolysis was observed at 37 degrees C and pH 8.0. The protease complex preserved its properties for 3 months at 4 degrees C and for 1 month at room temperature.

[Effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources on the biosynthesis of ristomycin, protease and pigments by a culture of Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini]. / Vliianie razlichnykh istochnikov ugleroda i azota na biosintez ristomitsina, proteazy i pigmentov kul'turoi Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini.

The effect of various sources of carbon and nitrogen on the biosynthesis of ristomycin, protease and pigments by Nocardia fructiferi was studied. It was shown that the carbon sources had the most significant effect on the biosynthesis of the antibiotic. The maximum biosynthetic activity of the Nocardia was observed in the medium containing 1-2 per cent of soybean meal and 2 per cent of glycerol. Under such conditions all the three biologically active substances formed. The contents of ristomycin, protease and pigments amounted to 562-649 microgram/ml, 26-30 PU/ml and 0.45-0.63 conditional units, respectively.

[Action of novobiocin on the capacity of Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini for ristomycin biosynthesis]. / Deistvie novobiotsina na sposobnost' Nocardia fructiferi var. ristomycini k biosintezu ristomitsina.

The effect of novobiocin in concentrations of 0.05 and 0.2--0.3 microgram/ml on morphological variation of N. fructifer and its capacity for ristomycin production was studied. It was found that the number of colonies with the maximum activity increased under the effect of novobiocin used in a concentration of 0.05 microgram/ml. An increase in the level of novobiocin in the medium up to 0.2--0.3. microgram/ml markedly increased the number of the colonies with low antibiotic productivity.

[Action of antibiotics on the growth and metabolic processes of streptomycetes and Nocardia]. / Izuchenie deistviia antibiotikov na rost i protsessy metabolizma u streptomitsetov i nokardii.

New experimental data on the effect of novobiocin, ristomycin and nystatin on growth and metabolism of Streptomycetes and Nocardia are presented. The study of the organisms producing other antibiotics showed that they were tens, hundreds and even thousands times more sensitive to the tested biologically active compounds than the organisms producing these compounds. The protein synthesis and antibiotic biosynthesis proved to be most sensitive out of the processes studied. The findings showed that during their evolution the antibiotic-producing organisms have developed definite protective mechanisms which enable them to resist relatively high concentrations of their own metabolites (antibiotics). This ensures them in their struggle for existence.

[Study of the carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activity of Act. noursei]. / Izuchenie aktivnosti nekotorykh fermentov uglevodnogo obmena Act. noursei

Activity of aldolase and threosophosphate dehydrogenase, transketolase and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in Act. noursei, strain 153 and its inactive mutant 149 was studied comparatively. The enzyme activity of the inactive mutant was investigated in the absence of the antibiotic production and under conditions of reduced biosynthesis of nystatin in this strain after addition of the fermentation broth filtrate of the inactive mutant 369 to the medium. The activity of the enzymes of the hexosomonophosphate metabolic pathway in the active strain 153 of Act. noursei was 2-4 times higher than that of the inactive mutant 149. The activity of the enzymes of the hexosomonophosphate metabolic pathways increased and reached the level of the enzyme of the active mutant. The high level of the enzyme activity of the hexosomonophosphate glycolysis pathway is probably one of the necessary conditions for nystatin production.

[Nystatin biosynthesis by inactive mutants of Act. noursei when cultured together]. / Biosintez nistatina neaktivnymi mutantami Act. noursei pri ikh sovmestnom kul'tivirovanii

Inactive mutants of the nystatin-producing organism Act. noursei were selected. When 2 of them were cultivated together, nystatin biosynthesis was restored. The substance or substances restoring the antibiotic biosynthesis was excreted into the culture broth. It had non-protein nature and was stable on storage. Reduction of the nystatin biosynthetic chain proceeded without changes in the cultivation conditions.

[Study of the fructosediphosphate aldolase and transketolase activity in the nystatin producer, Actinomyces noursei]. / Izuchenie aktivnosti fruktozodifosfatal'dolazy i transketolazy u produtsenta nistatina--Actinomyces noursei

Activity of transketolase, an enzyme of the pentose cycle and fructosodiphosphataldolase, an enzyme of glycolisis was studied in the dynamics of development of the nystatin-producing organism and its inactive mutant under various conditions of their cultivation with a purpose of finding relation between the antibiotic production and general metabolism of Act. noursei. The transketolase activity of the organism was 2-4 times higher than that of the inactive mutant. Addition of 8000 Units/ml of nystatin to the medium markedly suppressed (50-100 per cent) the aldolase activity, however it had no effect on the transkelotase activity. Possibly the antibiotic accumulated in the mycelium played the role of a regulator of the activity of the enzymes, directing the metabolites along the hexosomonophosphate pathway of carbohydrate dissimilation.