[Development of a Conceptual Framework for the Assessment of Chronic Care in the Spanish National Health System]. / Desarrollo de un marco conceptual para la evaluación de la atención a la cronicidad en el sistema nacional de salud.

The aim was to develop a conceptual framework for the assessment of new healthcare initiatives on chronic diseases within the Spanish National Health System. A comprehensive literature review between 2002 and 2013, including systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and reports with evaluation frameworks and/or assessment of initiatives was carried out; integrated care initiatives established in Catalonia were studied and described; and semistructured interviews with key stakeholders were performed. The scope and conceptual framework were defined by using the brainstorming approach.Of 910 abstracts identified, a total of 116 studies were included. They referred to several conceptual frameworks and/or assessment indicators at a national and international level. An overall of 24 established chronic care initiatives were identified (9 integrated care initiatives); 10 in-depth interviews were carried out. The proposed conceptual framework envisages: 1)the target population according to complexity levels; 2)an evaluation approach of the structure, processes, and outcomes considering the health status achieved, the recovery process and the maintenance of health; and 3)the dimensions or attributes to be assessed. The proposed conceptual framework will be helpful has been useful to develop indicators and implement them with a community-based and result-oriented approach and a territorial or population-based perspective within the Spanish Health System. This will be essential to know which are the most effective strategies, what are the key elements that determine greater success and what are the groups of patients who can most benefit.

El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar un marco conceptual para la evaluación de nuevos programas de gestión clínica y asistencial de carácter integrado en el Sistema Nacional de Salud para la atención a las personas con enfermedades crónicas. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura entre 2002-2013 incluyendo revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis e informes con modelos de evaluación y/o evaluaciones de programas. Se estudiaron y describieron programas locales de atención a la cronicidad implementados en Cataluña y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con expertos clave en el ámbito catalán. El alcance y el marco conceptual se definieron mediante la técnica del brainstorming. De 910 resúmenes identificados, se incluyeron 116 documentos que se referían a marcos conceptuales e indicadores de evaluación a nivel español e internacional. Se identificaron 24 programas de atención a la cronicidad (9 de carácter integrado). El marco conceptual propuesto contempló: 1) la población diana según niveles de complejidad; 2) un enfoque de evaluación de la estructura, procesos y resultados teniendo en cuenta el estado de salud conseguido, el proceso de recuperación y mantenimiento de la salud; y 3) las dimensiones o atributos que se deben evaluar. El marco conceptual propuesto permite desarrollar indicadores e implementarlos con un enfoque comunitario, orientados a los resultados y tener una visión territorial o poblacional, que será imprescindible para saber cuál es la estrategia más efectiva, cuáles son los elementos que determinan un mayor éxito y cuáles son los grupos de pacientes que más se pueden beneficiar.

Desarrollo de un marco conceptual para la evaluación de la atención a la cronicidad en el Sistema Nacional del Salud / Development of a conceptual framework for the assessment of chronic care in the Sapanish National Health System

El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar un marco conceptual para la evaluación de nuevos programas de gestión clínica y asistencial de carácter integrado en el Sistema Nacional de Salud para la atención a las personas con enfermedades crónicas. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura entre 2002-2013 incluyendo revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis e informes con modelos de evaluación y/o evaluaciones de programas. Se estudiaron y describieron programas locales de atención a la cronicidad implementados en Cataluña y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con expertos clave en el ámbito catalán. El alcance y el marco conceptual se definieron mediante la técnica del brainstorming. De 910 resúmenes identificados, se incluyeron 116 documentos que se referían a marcos conceptuales e indicadores de evaluación a nivel español e internacional. Se identificaron 24 programas de atención a la cronicidad (9 de carácter integrado). El marco conceptual propuesto contempló: 1) la población diana según niveles de complejidad; 2) un enfoque de evaluación de la estructura, procesos y resultados teniendo en cuenta el estado de salud conseguido, el proceso de recuperación y mantenimiento de la salud; y 3) las dimensiones o atributos que se deben evaluar. El marco conceptual propuesto permitirá desarrollar indicadores e implementarlos con un enfoque comunitario, orientados a los resultados y tener una visión territorial o poblacional, que será imprescindible para saber cuál es la estrategia más efectiva, cuáles son los elementos que determinan un mayor éxito y cuáles son los grupos de pacientes que más se pueden beneficiar (AU)

The aim was to develop a conceptual framework for the assessment of new healthcare initiatives on chronic diseases within the Spanish National Health System. A comprehensive literature review between 2002 and 2013, including systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and reports with evaluation frameworks and/or assessment of initiatives was carried out; integrated care initiatives established in Catalonia were studied and described; and semistructured interviews with key stakeholders were performed. The scope and conceptual framework were defined by using the brainstorming approach. Of 910 abstracts identified, a total of 116 studies were included. They referred to several conceptual frameworks and/or assessment indicators at a national and international level. An overall of 24 established chronic care initiatives were identified (9 integrated care initiatives); 10 in-depth interviews were carried out. The proposed conceptual framework envisages: 1)the target population according to complexity levels; 2)an evaluation approach of the structure, processes, and outcomes considering the health status achieved, the recovery process and the maintenance of health; and 3)the dimensions or attributes to be assessed. The proposed conceptual framework will be helpful develop indicators and implement them with a community-based and result-oriented approach and a territorial or population-based perspective within the Spanish Health System. This will be essential to know which are the most effective strategies, what are the key elements that determine greater success and what are the groups of patients who can most benefit (AU)

Auditoría clínica de los pacientes que ingresan en el hospital por agudización de EPOC. Estudio MAG-1 / Clinical audit of patients hospitalized due to COPD exacerbation. MAG-1 Study

Las hospitalizaciones por exacerbación aguda de EPOC (EAEPOC) generan un elevado consumo de recursos sanitarios, frecuentes reingresos y una alta mortalidad. El estudio MAG-1 pretende identificar aquellos puntos críticos y mejorables en el proceso asistencial de la EAEPOC que requiere ingreso hospitalario. Metodología: Estudio observacional, de revisión de historias clínicas de pacientes ingresados en hospitales de la red pública por EAEPOC. Los centros se clasificaron en 3 grupos según el número de altas/año. Se analizaron datos demográficos y descriptivos del año previo, tratamiento farmacológico, atención durante la hospitalización y proceso de alta, así como mortalidad y reingresos a los 30 y 90 días. Resultados: Se estudió a 910 pacientes (83% varones), con una edad media de 74,3 (+10,1) años y una tasa de respuesta del 70%. Solo constaba el hábito tabáquico actual en un 45% de los casos y de estos un 9,8% eran fumadores activos. En un 31% de los casos no constaban datos espirométricos previos. La mediana de la estancia fue de 7 días (RIQ: 4-10), aumentando con la complejidad del centro. La mortalidad observada desde el ingreso a los 90 días fue del 12,4% con una tasa de reingresos del 49%. Se observó una relación inversa entre los días de estancia hospitalaria y las readmisiones a 90 días. Conclusiones: En un elevado número de historias clínicas no consta adecuadamente el hábito tabáquico ni las pruebas de función pulmonar. La estancia media aumenta con la complejidad del hospital, aunque mayores estancias parecen asociarse con menor mortalidad en el seguimiento

Hospitalizations for acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) generate high consumption of health resources,frequent readmissions andhighmortality. TheMAG -1 study aims to identify criticalpoints to improve the care process of severe AECOPD requiring hospitalization. Methods: Observational study, with review of clinical records of patients admitted to hospitals of the Catalan public network for AECOPD. The centers were classified into 3 groups according to the number of discharges/year. Demographic and descriptive data of the previous year, pharmacological treatment, care during hospitalization and discharge process and follow-up, mortality and readmission at 30 and 90 days were analyzed. Results: A total of 910 patients (83% male) with a mean age of 74.3 (+10.1) years and a response rate of 70% were included. Smoking habit was determined in only 45% of cases, of which 9% were active smokers. In 31% of cases, no previous lung function data were available. Median hospital stay was 7 days (IQR 4-10), increasing according the complexity of the hospital. Mortality from admission to 90 days was 12.4% with a readmission rate of 49%. An inverse relationship between length of hospital stay and readmission within 90 days was observed. Conclusions: In a large number of medical records, smoking habit and lung function tests were not appropriately reported. Average hospital stay increases with the complexity of the hospital, but longer stays appear to be associated with lower mortality at follow-up

Variabilidad en la prescripción de la ventilación mecánica a domicilio / Variability in Home Mechanical Ventilation Prescription

Introducción: Hay pocos estudios que hayan analizado la prevalencia y la accesibilidad a la ventilación mecánica a domicilio (VMD). El objetivo del presente estudio es describir la prevalencia de la VMD y estudiar la variabilidad a partir de datos administrativos. Métodos: Se compararon las tasas de VMD en las 37 áreas de salud a partir de los datos de facturación del Servicio Catalán de la Salud, durante el período 2008-2011. Se calcularon las tasas brutas de actividad acumulada (por 100.000 habitantes) utilizando el componente sistemático de variación (CSV) y empírico Bayes (EB). Las razones de actividad estandarizada (REA) se describieron mediante un mapa de sectores de salud. Resultados: La tasa bruta VMD fue de 23 usuarios/100.000 habitantes. Las tasas aumentan con la edad y han crecido un 39%. Los estadísticos que miden la variación no debida al azar muestran una variación elevada en mujeres (CSV = 0,20 y EB = 0,30) y en hombres (CSV = 0,21 y EB = 0,40), y constante a lo largo del tiempo. En un modelo de Poisson multinivel la existencia de un hospital con servicio de neumología se asoció con un mayor número de casos (beta = 0,68; p < 0,0001). Conclusiones: La variabilidad elevada de la VMD puede explicarse, en parte, por la actitud de los profesionales hacia el tratamiento y la accesibilidad a centros que disponen de especialista de neumología. El análisis de los datos administrativos y la confección de mapas de variabilidad permiten identificar variaciones no explicadas y, en ausencia de registros sistemáticos, es una manera factible de realizar el seguimiento de un tratamiento

Introduction: Few studies have analyzed the prevalence and accessibility of home mechanical ventilation (HMV). The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of HMV and variability in prescriptions from administrative data. Methods: Prescribing rates of HMV in the 37 healthcare sectors of the Catalan Health Service were compared from billing data from 2008 to 2011. Crude accumulated activity rates (per 100,000 population) were calculated using systematic component of variation (SCV) and empirical Bayes (EB) methods. Standardized activity ratios (SAR) were described using a map of healthcare sectors. Results: A crude rate of 23 HMV prescriptions per 100,000 population was observed. Rates increase with age and have increased by 39%. Statistics measuring variation not due to chance show a high variation in women (CSV= 0.20 and EB = 0.30) and in men (CSV= 0.21 and EB = 0.40), and were constant over time. In a multilevel Poisson model, hospitals with a chest unit were associated with a greater number of cases (beta = 0.68, P < .0001). Conclusions: High variability in prescribing HMV can be explained, in part, by the attitude of professionals towards treatment and accessibility to specialist centers with a chest unit. Analysis of administrative data and variability mapping help identify unexplained variations and, in the absence of systematic records, are a feasible way of tracking treatment

Variability in home mechanical ventilation prescription.

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have analyzed the prevalence and accessibility of home mechanical ventilation (HMV). The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of HMV and variability in prescriptions from administrative data. METHODS: Prescribing rates of HMV in the 37 healthcare sectors of the Catalan Health Service were compared from billing data from 2008 to 2011. Crude accumulated activity rates (per 100,000 population) were calculated using systematic component of variation (SCV) and empirical Bayes (EB) methods. Standardized activity ratios (SAR) were described using a map of healthcare sectors. RESULTS: A crude rate of 23 HMV prescriptions per 100,000 population was observed. Rates increase with age and have increased by 39%. Statistics measuring variation not due to chance show a high variation in women (CSV=0.20 and EB=0.30) and in men (CSV=0.21 and EB=0.40), and were constant over time. In a multilevel Poisson model, hospitals with a chest unit were associated with a greater number of cases (beta=0.68, P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS: High variability in prescribing HMV can be explained, in part, by the attitude of professionals towards treatment and accessibility to specialist centers with a chest unit. Analysis of administrative data and variability mapping help identify unexplained variations and, in the absence of systematic records, are a feasible way of tracking treatment.

Clinical audit of patients hospitalized due to COPD exacerbation. MAG-1 Study.

UNLABELLED: Hospitalizations for acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) generate high consumption of health resources, frequent readmissions and high mortality. The MAG -1 study aims to identify critical points to improve the care process of severe AECOPD requiring hospitalization. METHODS: Observational study, with review of clinical records of patients admitted to hospitals of the Catalan public network for AECOPD. The centers were classified into 3 groups according to the number of discharges/year. Demographic and descriptive data of the previous year, pharmacological treatment, care during hospitalization and discharge process and follow-up, mortality and readmission at 30 and 90 days were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 910 patients (83% male) with a mean age of 74.3 (+10.1) years and a response rate of 70% were included. Smoking habit was determined in only 45% of cases, of which 9% were active smokers. In 31% of cases, no previous lung function data were available. Median hospital stay was 7 days (IQR 4-10), increasing according the complexity of the hospital. Mortality from admission to 90 days was 12.4% with a readmission rate of 49%. An inverse relationship between length of hospital stay and readmission within 90 days was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In a large number of medical records, smoking habit and lung function tests were not appropriately reported. Average hospital stay increases with the complexity of the hospital, but longer stays appear to be associated with lower mortality at follow-up.

Accesibilidad y utilización de la espirometría en los centros de atención primaria de Cataluña / Accesibility and use of spirometry in primary care centers in Catalonia

OBJETIVO: Conocer la accesibilidad y la utilización de la espirometría forzada (EF) en los dispositivos públicos de atención primaria en Cataluña. DISEÑO: Estudio transversal mediante encuesta. Participantes: Trescientos sesenta y seis equipos de atención primaria (EAP) de Cataluña. Tercer trimestre de 2010. Mediciones: Encuesta con información relativa a los espirómetros, la formación, la interpretación y el control de calidad, y el grado de prioridad que la calidad de la espirometría tenía para el equipo. Se analizaron: media de EF/100 habitantes/año; índice de EF/mes/EAP; índice de EF/mes/10.000 habitantes. RESULTADOS: principales. Porcentaje de respuesta: 75%. El 97,5% de los EAP dispone de espirómetro y realiza una media de 2,01 espirometrías/100 habitantes (34,68 espirometrías/EAP/mes). El 83% dispone de profesionales formados y más del 50% de los centros realizan formación reglada, pero no se dispone de información sobre la calidad de la misma. En el 70% se hace algún tipo de calibración. La interpretación la realiza el médico de familia en el 87,3% de los casos. En el 68% de los casos no se lleva a cabo ningún tipo de control de calidad de la exploración. En dos tercios de los casos se introducen manualmente los datos en la historia clínica informatiza. Más del 50% se atribuye una prioridad alta para las estrategias de mejora de la calidad de la EF. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de la accesibilidad a la EF deben realizarse esfuerzos para estandarizar la formación, incrementar el número de exploraciones y promover el control de calidad sistemático

OBJECTIVE: Examine the accessibility and use of forced spirometry (FS) in public primary care facilities centers in Catalonia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a survey. Participants: Three hundred sixty-six Primary Care Teams (PCT) in Catalonia. Third quarter of2010.Measurements: Survey with information on spirometers, training, interpretation and quality control, and the priority that the quality of spirometry had for the team. Indicators FS/100inhabitants/year, FS/month/PCT; FS/month/10,000 inhabitants. Main results: Response rate: 75%. 97.5% of PCT had spirometer and made an average of 2.01 spirometries/100 inhabitants (34.68 spirometry/PCT/month). 83% have trained professionals. > 50% centers perform formal training but no information is available on the quality. 70%performed some sort of calibration. Interpretation was made by the family physician in 87.3% of cases. In 68% of cases not performed any quality control of exploration. 2/3 typed data manually into the computerized medical record. > 50% recognized a high priority strategies for improving the quality. CONCLUSION: Despite the accessibility of EF efforts should be made to standardize training, increasing the number of scans test and promote systematic quality control

[Accesibility and use of spirometry in primary care centers in Catalonia]. / Accesibilidad y utilización de la espirometría en los centros de atención primaria de Cataluña.

OBJECTIVE: Examine the accessibility and use of forced spirometry (FS) in public primary care facilities centers in Catalonia. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a survey. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred sixty-six Primary Care Teams (PCT) in Catalonia. Third quarter of 2010. MEASUREMENTS: Survey with information on spirometers, training, interpretation and quality control, and the priority that the quality of spirometry had for the team. Indicators FS/100 inhabitants/year, FS/month/PCT; FS/month/10,000 inhabitants. MAIN RESULTS: Response rate: 75%. 97.5% of PCT had spirometer and made an average of 2.01 spirometries/100 inhabitants (34.68 spirometry/PCT/month). 83% have trained professionals.>50% centers perform formal training but no information is available on the quality. 70% performed some sort of calibration. Interpretation was made by the family physician in 87.3% of cases. In 68% of cases not performed any quality control of exploration. 2/3 typed data manually into the computerized medical record.>50% recognized a high priority strategies for improving the quality. CONCLUSION: Despite the accessibility of EF efforts should be made to standardize training, increasing the number of scans test and promote systematic quality control.