ABSTRACT
A marapuama é uma planta medicinal com propriedades de interesse em pesquisa. Liofilizar está planta auxilia na preservação de seus compostos. Este trabalho objetivou determinar o conteúdo de antocianinas monoméricas totais e carotenoides totais presentes no liofilizado de marapuama e otimizar a extração. Aplicou-se um DCCR para antocianinas e um para carotenoides. A maior quantidade de antocianina obtida foi de 0,107 mg/100g, e ajustou-se a um modelo onde os termos quadráticos para concentração de etanol e pH foram significativos (p<0,05). Para carotenoides nenhuma das variáveis foi significativa, podendo-se, portanto, usar os menores níveis do planejamento para reduzir custos. A maior quantidade carotenoide foi de 44,21 µg/mL. Conclui-se que quantidades relevantes de compostos antioxidantes foram encontradas em marapuama liofilizada.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins/analysis , Carotenoids/analysis , Olacaceae/chemistry , Antioxidants , Freeze DryingABSTRACT
A cerveja é a bebida alcoólica mais consumida no mundo, sendo que as artesanais têm ampliado sua participação no mercado. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar físico-quimicamente e agrupar cervejas artesanais de diferentes estilos encontradas no comércio da cidade de Guaratinguetá-SP. Foram analisadas 5 cervejas artesanais denominadas de A, B, C, D e E, em duplicata. A acidez total variou de 28,42 a 42,63 mEq/L, o teor de sólidos solúveis de 4,8 a 8,0 °Brix e o teor alcoólico de 5,90 a 9,25 % (v/v), sendo que todas as amostras apresentaram valores superiores ao descrito no rótulo. O valor médio do pH foi de 4,55 e a cor oscilou de 12,67 a 38,77 EBC. Pelas análises exploratórias PCA e HCA observou-se que os estilos Weissbier e Irish Red Ale apresentaram uma menor distinção entre os parâmetros físico-químicos analisados.
Subject(s)
Beer/analysis , Beer/classification , Chemical Phenomena , Acidity , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , ColorABSTRACT
In order to establish the genetic variability of Aedes aegypti determined by the analysis of the MT-ND4 gene, in eleven endemic regions for dengue in Peru, 51 samples of Ae. Aegypti were tested. The genetic variability was determined through the amplification and sequencing of a fragment of 336 base-pairs of MT ND4, the analysis of intra-specific phylogeny was conducted with the Network Ver. 4.6.10 program; and the phylogenetic analysis, with the Neighbor Joining distance method. The presence of five haplotypes of Ae. Aegypti grouped in two lineages was identified: the first one includes haplotypes 1, 3 and 5, and the second one comprises haplotypes 2 and 4. The geographic distribution of each of the haplotypes found is also shown. It is concluded that this variability is caused by the active migration of this vector and the human activity-mediated passive migration.
Subject(s)
Aedes/genetics , Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics , Genetic Variation , Animals , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dengue/epidemiology , Endemic Diseases , Humans , Peru/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Con el objetivo de establecer la variabilidad genética de Aedes aegypti determinada por el análisis del gen mitocondrial ND4, se analizaron 51 especímenes de Ae. aegypti en once regiones endémicas para dengue en el Perú. La variabilidad genética se determinó mediante la amplificación y secuenciación de un fragmento de 336 pares de bases del gen mitocondrial ND4. El análisis de filogenia intraespecífica se realizó con el programa Network Ver. 4.6.10; y el análisis filogenético, con el método de distancia Neighbor Joining. Se identificó la presencia de cinco haplotipos de Ae. aegypti agrupados en dos linajes: el primero agrupa a los haplotipos 1, 3 y 5 y el segundo agrupa los haplotipos 2 y 4, se muestra además la distribución geográfica de cada uno de los haplotipos encontrados. Se concluye que esta variabilidad se debe tanto a la migración activa de este vector como a la migración pasiva mediada por la actividad humana.
In order to establish the genetic variability of Aedes aegypti determined by the analysis of the MT-ND4 gene, in eleven endemic regions for dengue in Peru, 51 samples of Ae. Aegypti were tested. The genetic variability was determined through the amplification and sequencing of a fragment of 336 base-pairs of MT ND4, the analysis of intra-specific phylogeny was conducted with the Network Ver. 4.6.10 program; and the phylogenetic analysis, with the Neighbor Joining distance method. The presence of five haplotypes of Ae. Aegypti grouped in two lineages was identified: the first one includes haplotypes 1, 3 and 5, and the second one comprises haplotypes 2 and 4. The geographic distribution of each of the haplotypes found is also shown. It is concluded that this variability is caused by the active migration of this vector and the human activity-mediated passive migration.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Aedes/genetics , Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics , Genetic Variation , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dengue/epidemiology , Endemic Diseases , Peru/epidemiologyABSTRACT
In this paper, a method was described to determine cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BZE) in human urine samples by GC-MS detection. The extraction of analytes from urine samples was achieved in an Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance column (20 mmx3.9 mm id, dp=25 microm; Waters, USA), incorporated in a multisyringe flow injection system, used for the sample treatment. Finally, to improve the volatility of the BZE, an in-line derivatization reaction with N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide with 1% trimethylchlorosilane was made microwave-assisted in order to reduce the reaction time. The results showed that the proposed method is a good alternative for the analysis of COC and BZE in urine samples because it offers advantages compared with those described in the literature, which include simplicity in the sample treatment, the sensitivity and selectivity necessary to determine the analytes of interest at low levels in the urine and high sample throughput.
Subject(s)
Cocaine/analogs & derivatives , Cocaine/urine , Flow Injection Analysis/methods , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods , Humans , Limit of Detection , Microwaves , Solid Phase ExtractionABSTRACT
Column-switching high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for quantification of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan in human urine. Urine samples were diluted on the extraction mobile phase (1:4, v/v) and a volume of 20 microL of this mixture were directly injected onto the HPLC system. The analytes were extracted from the matrix using an on-line solid-phase extraction procedure involving a precolumn packed with 25 microm C(18) alkyl-diol support (ADS), and a solution 2% methanol in 5mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.8) at a flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min for isolation and preconcentration of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan. The enriched analytes were back-flushed after, onto the analytical column with a mixture of 5mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.8)-acetonitrile-methanol (65:20:15, v/v/v) at a flow-rate of 3.0 mL/min and detected by fluorescence at 259 and 399 nm as excitation and emission wavelength respectively. The separation of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan was achieved on a Chromolith RP-18e monolithic column. The method provides extraction recoveries from spiked urine samples greater than 93%. Intra-day and inter-day precision were generally acceptable; the intra-day-assay C.V. was <3.5 for all compounds and the inter-day-assay C.V. was < 3.7%. The estimated calibration range was 0.001-2.5 microg/mL(-1) with excellent coefficient of determination (>0.9981). The detection limits for losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5:1 were 0.002, 0.0002 and 0.001 microg/mL(-1) when a sample volume of 20 microL was injected. The proposed method permitted the simultaneous determination of losartan, telmisartan, and valsartan in 8 min, with an adequate precision and sensitivity. However, the overlap of the sample cleanup step with the analysis increases the sampling frequency to 12 samples/h. The developed column-switching method was successfully applied for the determination of these analytes in human urine samples of patients submitted at ARA-IIs therapy.
