Insights into the diversity of NOD-like receptors: Identification and expression analysis of NLRC3, NLRC5 and NLRX1 in rainbow trout.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are efficient soluble intracellular sensors that activate defense mechanisms against pathogens. In teleost fish, the involvement of NLRs in the immune response is not well understood. However, recent work has evidenced the expression of different NLRs in response to some pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In the present work, the cDNA sequence encoding three new NOD-like receptors were identified in Oncorhynchus mykiss, namely OmNLRC3, OmNLRC5 and OmNLRX1. Results showed that their sequences coded for proteins of 1135, 836 and 1010 amino acids, respectively. The deduced protein sequences of all receptors showed characteristic domains of this receptor family, such as leucine rich repeats and NACHT domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of identity with other NOD-like receptors and they are clustered into different families. Transcript expression analysis indicated that OmNLRs are constitutively expressed in liver, spleen, intestine, gill, skin and brain. OmNLR expression was upregulated in kidney and gills from rainbow trout in response to LPS. In order to give new insights into the function of these new NLR members, an in vitro model of immune stimulation was established using the rainbow trout cell line RTgill-W1. Expression analysis revealed that RTgill-W1 overexpressed proinflammatory cytokines in response to LPS and poly I:C alongside with a differential overexpression of OmNLRC3, OmNLRC5 and OmNLRX1. The expression of OmNLRC5 was further verified at the protein level by immunofluorescence. Finally, the effect of the overexpressed cytokines on the OmNLR expression by RTgill-W1 cells was assessed, suggesting a regulatory mechanism on OmNLRC3 expression. Overall, results suggest that O. mykiss NOD-like receptors could play a key role in the defense mechanisms of teleost through PAMP recognition. Future studies will focus on gills which could be related with a key sensor mucosal system in one of the most environmentally fish exposed tissues.

Intervención de autocuidado en un equipo de enfermería oncológico con metodología de educación de adultos: un desafío organizacional / Self care intervention in oncologic nurses team with adults education methodology: an organizational challenge

Entornos favorables a la práctica profesional de enfermería aseguran calidad de los cuidados proporcionados a los pacientes. La calidad hoy constituye una ventaja competitiva en las organizaciones de salud. Las personas son el activo más importante de las organizaciones y a través de sus competencias logran comportamientos que agregan valor. Las enfermeras de un centro de oncología ambulatorio privado que desarrollan el modelo de enfermera de cabecera, expresan sentimientos de cansancio, insatisfacción laboral, ausentismo. Para lograr un mejor entendimiento del significado de lo que están experimentando se decide realizar una intervención utilizando los principios de educación para diagnóstico y acompañamiento de soluciones consensuadas. Se logra la participación del 100%, a través de preguntas abiertas, las enfermeras expresan el significado que tiene para cada una de ellas ejercer el modelo de enfermera de cabecera. Surgen del propio equipo alternativas de intervención. Con sentimiento de esperanza, optimismo y escucha, evaluaron la sesión. Se complementa el diagnóstico con la aplicación del instrumento que sugiere el Consejo Internacional de Enfermeras para evaluar el ambiente laboral. Los temas de reconocimiento, recompensa, participación en decisiones, programas de mentores y políticas para problemas de carga de trabajo, obtuvieron los menores puntajes. Se recomienda mantener la metodología de adultos e incorporar modelos de cambio de conductas, para el diseño del plan, fijación de metas, medir avances y reconocer logros, contribuyendo así a entornos favorables en enfermería, prevención de burnout y cuidados de calidad para pacientes y familia.

Enabling environments for professional nursing practice ensure quality of care provided to patients. The quality today is a competitive advantage in health organizations, People are the most important asset of organizations and skills are achieved through behaviors that add value. Nurses center private outpatient oncology based on the model header, express feelings of exhaustion, job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, to better understand the meaning of what they are experiencing it was decided to perform an intervention using the principles of education for diagnosis and support for consensual solutions. 100% participation is achieved through open questions nurses expressed the meaning for each exercise bedside nurse model. Arising from alternative interventions own team. With sense of hope, optimism and listen, they assessed the session. Diagnosis with the application of the instrument suggests the International Council of Nurses to assess the work environment complements the themes of recognition, reward, participation in decisions, mentoring programs and policies to workload problems, they had the lowest scores. It is recommended that the methodology of adult and mainstream models of behavior change to design plan, setting goals, measure progress and recognize achievements, contributing to favorable environments in nursing, prevention of burnout and quality care for patients and families.

Psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in African American and Black Caribbean US adults.

A 12-item version of the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CES-D) Scale was not validated in Black US adults but demonstrated strong psychometrics in other populations. Using data from the National Survey of American Life (n = 4,815), the psychometric properties of the scale were tested in African American and Black Caribbean adults. When compared with the DSM-IV-TR criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Dysthymia, most items in the CES-D Scale focus on depressed mood, providing evidence for content validity. Construct validity was questionable in African American and Black Caribbean men. The CES-D scores of African American men who met the DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) criteria for Dysthymia were not significantly different than African American men who did not (t = 1.9, p = .109). The CES-D scores of Black Caribbean men who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for MDD were not significantly different than Black Caribbean men who did not (t = 1.6, p = .198), and none of the Black Caribbean men met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for Dysthymia. For the item, "I felt like everything I did was an effort," all groups had item-to-total correlations and inter-item correlations below .30. After eliminating this item, the alpha for the remaining 11 items was .80 and .76 in African American and Black Caribbean women, respectively. African American and Black Caribbean men also had item-to-total correlations and inter-item correlations below .30 for the item "I felt that I was just as good as other people." After eliminating these items, the alpha for the remaining 10 items was .73 in African American and Black Caribbean men. The cut-off score was 9 for the 11-item CES-D and 8 for the 10-item CES-D.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis spoligotypes in Monterrey, Mexico.

Although tuberculosis is still a public health problem in Mexico, there is little information about the genetic characteristics of the isolates. In the present study, we analyzed by spoligotyping 180 Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from the urban area of Monterrey, Mexico, including drug-susceptible and drug-resistant isolates. The spoligotype patterns were compared with those in the international SITVIT2 spoligotyping database. Four isolates presented spoligotype patterns not found in the database (orphan types); the rest were distributed among 44 spoligo international types (SITs). SIT53 (clade T1) and SIT119 (clade X1) were predominant and included 43 (23.8%) and 28 (15.5%) of the isolates, respectively. In order to determine if there was a dominant spoligotype in the group of multidrug-resistant isolates, 37 of them were analyzed by IS6110-based restriction fragment length polymorphism assays, and scarce clustering of strains with more than five bands was observed. Fourteen isolates of this multidrug-resistant group presented four bands or less and were distributed in four SITs: SIT53 (n = 8), SIT92 (n = 3), SIT70 (n = 2), and SIT3038 (n = 1). When the molecular detection of mutations in the katG and rpoB genes were analyzed in these isolates with low copy numbers of IS6110, only two isolates shared the same IS6110, spoligotyping, and mutations patterns. When the distribution of the spoligotypes was analyzed by age cohort, SIT119 was predominantly found in patients 0 to 20 years old, especially in males, accounting for up to 40% of the isolates. In contrast, SIT53 was more prevalent in older females. This analysis demonstrates the variability of M. tuberculosis isolates in Monterrey and the partial dominance of SIT53 and SIT119 in that area of Mexico.