Design and Discovery of a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Integrin αvß1.

Selective inhibition of the RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) integrin αvß1 has been recently identified as an attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of liver fibrosis given its function, target expression, and safety profile. Our identification of a non-RGD small molecule lead followed by focused, systematic changes to the core structure utilizing a crystal structure, in silico modeling, and a tractable synthetic approach resulted in the identification of a potent small molecule exhibiting a remarkable affinity for αvß1 relative to several other integrin isoforms measured. Azabenzimidazolone 25 demonstrated antifibrotic efficacy in an in vivo rat liver fibrosis model and represents a tool compound capable of further exploring the biological consequences of selective αvß1 inhibition.

Ultra Deep Sequencing of Circulating Cell-Free DNA as a Potential Tool for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Management.

BACKGROUND: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentrations have been described to be inversely correlated with prognosis in cancer. Mutations in HCC-associated driver genes in cfDNA have been reported, but their relation with patient's outcome has not been described. Our aim was to elucidate whether mutations found in cfDNA could be representative from those present in HCC tissue, providing the rationale to use the cfDNA to monitor HCC. METHODS: Tumoral tissue, paired nontumor adjacent tissue and blood samples were collected from 30 HCC patients undergoing curative therapies. Deep sequencing targeting HCC driver genes was performed. RESULTS: Patients with more than 2 ng/µL of cfDNA at diagnosis had higher mortality (mean OS 24.6 vs. 31.87 months, p = 0.01) (AUC = 0.782). Subjects who died during follow-up, had a significantly higher number of mutated genes (p = 0.015) and number of mutations (p = 0.015) on cfDNA. Number of mutated genes (p = 0.001), detected mutations (p = 0.001) in cfDNA and ratio (number of mutations/cfDNA) (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with recurrence. However, patients with a ratio (number of mutations/cfDNA) above 6 (long-rank p = 0.0003) presented a higher risk of recurrence than those with a ratio under 6. Detection of more than four mutations in cfDNA correlated with higher risk of death (long-rank p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, cfDNA and detection of prevalent HCC mutations could have prognostic implications in early-stage HCC patients.

Acute Stroke Care in Mexico City: The Hospital Phase of a Stroke Surveillance Study.

Background: Acute stroke care has greatly improved in recent decades. However, the increasing stroke mortality in low-to-middle income countries suggests that progress has not been reached completely by these populations. Here we present the analysis of the hospital phase of the first population-based stroke surveillance study. Methods: A daily hospital surveillance method was used to identify adult patients with acute stroke during 18 months in six hospitals. We abstracted data on demographics, vascular risk factors, neuroimaging-confirmed stroke types, and clinical data. Results: A total of 1361 adults with acute stroke were identified (mean age 69.2 years; 52% women) with transient ischemic attack (5.5%), acute ischemic stroke (68.6%), intracerebral hemorrhage (23.1%), cerebral venous thrombosis (0.2%), and undetermined stroke (2.6%). The main risk factors were hypertension (80.7%) and diabetes mellitus (47.6%). The usage rate of thrombolysis was 3.6%, in spite of the fact that 37.2% of acute ischemic stroke patients arrived in <4.5 h. The 30-day case fatality rate was 32.6%, higher in hemorrhagic than ischemic stroke. Conclusion: We identified limitations in acute stroke care in the Mexico City, including neuroimaging availability and thrombolysis usage. The door-to-door phase will help to depict the acute stroke burden in Mexico.

Impacto del Covid-19 en las condiciones laborales de la población joven de Nuevo León, México / The impact of Covid-19 in youth working conditions in Nuevo Leon, Mexico

Resumen La pandemia del COVID-19 no solo ha afectado la salud pública, también ha repercutido en la macro y micro economía. Las condiciones laborales cambiaron, sobre todo para la población joven, al presentarse desde disminución de salarios y prestaciones, hasta el cierre de negocios, principalmente los negocios pequeños. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de esas alteraciones en las personas de entre 15 y 29 años, en el estado de Nuevo León. Para ello, se compararon sus condiciones laborales con las de los adultos del estado y de los jóvenes del resto del país a partir de la información obtenida de los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo del tercer trimestre de 2019 y el de 2020. El análisis indica que la participación laboral de este segmento poblacional del estado se redujo considerablemente; sin embargo, quienes perdieron su empleo decidieron no buscar uno nuevo, lo que ocasionó que su tasa de desempleo sólo se incrementara ligeramente. No obstante, la porción que continuó trabajando registró un deterioro importante en sus condiciones laborales, como prestaciones, informalidad o salario, especialmente para los hombres más jóvenes y con menores niveles de escolaridad.

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has not only affected public health, but it has also affected the macro and micro economy. The working conditions changed, especially for the young population, presenting everythin from a decrease in wages and benefits, to the closure of small businesses. The objective of this paper was to analyze the effects of these changes in people between 15 to 29 years old, in the state of Nuevo Leon. To do this, their working conditions were compared with those of adults in the state and with those of young people in the rest of the country. To do it, we use the National Occupation and Employment Survey of Q3-2019 and Q3-2020. The analysis indicates that the labor participation of this population segment of the state was considerably reduced; however, those who lost their jobs decided not to look for a new one, which caused their unemployment rate to only increase slightly. However, the portion that continued to work recorded a significant deterioration in their working conditions, such as health benefits, informality or wages, especially for younger men with lower levels of schooling.

Deletion of Ulk1 inhibits neointima formation by enhancing KAT2A/GCN5-mediated acetylation of TUBA/α-tubulin in vivo.

ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase) has a central role in initiating macroautophagy/autophagy, a process that contributes to atherosclerosis and neointima hyperplasia, or excessive tissue growth that leads to vessel dysfunction. However, the role of ULK1 in neointima formation remains unclear. We aimed to determine how Ulk1 deletion affected neointima formation and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. We measured autophagy activity, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and neointima hyperplasia in cultured VSMCs and ligation-injured mouse carotid arteries from male wild-type (WT, C57BL/6 J) and VSMC-specific ulk1 knockout (ulk1 KO) mice. Carotid artery ligation in WT mice increased ULK1 protein expression, and concurrently increased autophagic flux and neointima formation. Treating human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) with PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) increased ULK1 expression, activated autophagy, and promoted cell migration. Further, smooth muscle cell-specific deletion of Ulk1 suppressed autophagy, inhibited VSMC migration, and impeded neointima hyperplasia. Mechanistically, Ulk1 deletion inhibited autophagic degradation of histone acetyltransferase protein KAT2A/GCN5 (K[lysine] acetyltransferase 2A), resulting in accumulation of KAT2A that directly acetylated TUBA/α-tubulin and subsequently increased protein levels of acetylated TUBA. The acetylation of TUBA increased microtubule stability and inhibited VSMC directional migration and neointima formation. Finally, local transfection of Kat2a siRNA decreased TUBA acetylation and prevented the attenuation of vascular injury-induced neointima formation in ulk1 KO mice. These findings suggest that Ulk1 deletion inhibits neointima formation by reducing autophagic degradation of KAT2A and increasing TUBA acetylation in VSMCs.Abbreviations: ACTA2/α-SMA: actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB: actin beta; ATAT1: alpha tubulin acetyltransferase 1; ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; BP: blood pressure; CAL: carotid artery ligation; CQ: chloroquine diphosphate; EC: endothelial cells; EEL: external elastic layer; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HASMCs: human aortic smooth muscle cells; HAT1: histone acetyltransferase 1; HDAC: histone deacetylase; IEL: inner elastic layer; IP: immunoprecipitation; KAT2A/GCN5: K(lysine) acetyltransferase 2A; KAT8/hMOF: lysine acetyltransferase 8; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MYH11: myosin heavy chain 11; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PDGF: platelet derived growth factor; PECAM1/CD31: platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; RAC3: Rac family small GTPase 3; SIRT2: sirtuin 2; SPP1/OPN: secreted phosphoprotein 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TAGLN/SM22: transgelin; TUBA: tubulin alpha; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell; VVG: Verhoeff Van Gieson; WT: wild type.

A Novel Agonist of the Type 1 Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor (LPA1), UCM-05194, Shows Efficacy in Neuropathic Pain Amelioration.

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a complex chronic pain state with a prevalence of almost 10% in the general population. Pharmacological options for NP are limited and weakly effective, so there is a need to develop more efficacious NP attenuating drugs. Activation of the type 1 lysophosphatidic acid (LPA1) receptor is a crucial factor in the initiation of NP. Hence, it is conceivable that a functional antagonism strategy could lead to NP mitigation. Here we describe a new series of LPA1 agonists among which derivative (S)-17 (UCM-05194) stands out as the most potent and selective LPA1 receptor agonist described so far (Emax = 118%, EC50 = 0.24 µM, KD = 19.6 nM; inactive at autotaxin and LPA2-6 receptors). This compound induces characteristic LPA1-mediated cellular effects and prompts the internalization of the receptor leading to its functional inactivation in primary sensory neurons and to an efficacious attenuation of the pain perception in an in vivo model of NP.

Medical and pathologic characteristics of fatal anaphylaxis: a Spanish nationwide 17-year series.

Forensic series on fatal anaphylaxis are scarce, probably because the diagnosis of anaphylaxis is often complex and the incidence is low. We report on the medicolegal, demographic and histopathological characteristics of a series of sudden deaths which were investigated for anaphylaxis at the Spanish National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences (INTCF) over a 17-year period (1998-2015). A total of 122 undetermined sudden deaths from a high percentage of Spanish regions (81.5% of the total population) were sent to the INTCF with anaphylaxis as the suspected cause of death for histological, biochemical, and medicolegal investigation. Two certified allergists confirmed that 46 of the 122 cases were fatal anaphylaxis. The results indicated a median age of 51 years (IQR = 29) and a male predominance (76%). The main causes of anaphylaxis were drugs (41%), hymenoptera stings (33%), and food (13%). A previous allergic event had been reported in both food anaphylaxis (67%) and drug anaphylaxis (53%). The deaths occurred in health care settings (37%), at home (22%), and outside the home (26.09%). Histopathology data were available for 40 individuals. The most frequent autopsy findings were angioedema of the upper airways (50%), pulmonary edema (47.5%), atheromatosis of coronary vessels (32.5%), and pulmonary congestion (27.5%). Our findings for fatal anaphylaxis indicated a predominance of men, older age (≥50 years) and death in a health care setting (one-third of cases). Previous episodes had occurred in two-thirds of cases of food-induced anaphylaxis and in half of the cases of drug-induced anaphylaxis.

Incidentes laborales en trabajadores de catorce ciudades del Perú: Causas y posibles consecuencias / Incidents at work in workers in fourteen cities of the Perú: Causes and possible consequences

Introducción: la prevención en salud es de suma importancia en el ámbito laboral. Objetivo: determinar la percepción de las causas y posibles consecuencias de los incidentes laborales en trabajadores peruanos. Material y Métodos: estudio transversal analítico multicéntrico, en catorce ciudades peruanas, se indagó acerca de la percepción de las causas y posibles consecuencias que hubiesen ocasionado los eventos peligrosos para la salud. Se buscaron asociaciones entre las variables. Resultados: 1.772 trabajadores tuvieron un incidente laboral, a causa de la distracción del propio trabajador (66%) y el que no estuviese señalizado el peligro (44%); las repercusiones más graves se hubiesen dado en el trabajador (74%) y su familia (66%), pero significando una gran pérdida económica para la empresa. Conclusión: se encontró que las percepciones de las consecuencias de un incidente laboral podrían afectar a los trabajadores, familia y empresa, estos resultados deben considerarse para mejorar las condiciones laborales y la información que los empleados reciben

Background: The prevention in health is of utmost importance in the workplace. Objective: determine the perception of the causes and possible consequences of events dangerous to the health of Peruvian workers. Material and Methods: multicenter analytical cross-sectional study, in fourteen Peruvian cities, inquired about the perception of the causes and possible consequences that had caused the dangerous health events. We searched for associations between the variables. Results: 1772 workers had a work incident, due to the distraction of the worker (66%) and the one that was not signaling the danger (44%); the most serious repercussions would have occurred in the worker (74%) and his family (66%), but it meant a great economic loss for the company. Conclusions: it was found that the perceptions of the consequences of a work incident could affect workers, family and company, these results should be considered to improve working conditions and the information that employees receive

A review of surrogate motherhood regulation in south American countries: pointing to a need for an international legal framework.

BACKGROUND: Advances in science and technology coupled with globalization are changing access to and utilization of reproductive health services. This includes the transnational phenomenon of families who use surrogate mothers to reproduce, with forms of altruistic and commercial surrogacy becoming more commonplace. Simultaneously, changes in law, regulation, and policy are necessary to protect surrogates, intended parents, and resulting children. These developments have been slow to adapt to challenges inherent to surrogacy arrangements, most specifically in low-and middle-income countries, including in South American countries. METHODS: We conducted an interdisciplinary non-systematic literature review and legal analysis of existing and pending policy, laws, and regulations related to commercial surrogacy arrangements in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The review focused on articles that discussed topics of domestic and international law, policy, regulation, and governance related to commercial surrogacy. We queried PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar for Spanish and English-language articles limited to those published between 2000 and 2016. RESULTS: Our literature and legal review found a wide variance in how different countries address the issue, including two (Brazil and Uruguay) that have issued guidance attempting to clarify the legality of commercial surrogacy, others who have introduced surrogacy-specific legislation, and a final group with no specific legal mechanisms in place. Our extracted legal case studies also indicate that courts have a hard time interpreting existing law and its applicability to surrogacy. The influence of Catholicism also played a role in the adoption of surrogacy and other advanced reproductive technology (ART)-related legislation. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in global infertility rates, the emergence of new family structures, and advancement of ART are factors that will influence future development of legal frameworks addressing surrogacy in South America. Despite a growing transnational market for commercial surrogacy in many of the countries examined, the current patchwork of policy does little to clarify what forms of surrogacy are legally permissible, nor do they adequately protect surrogates, intended parents, or the children themselves. This points to an urgent need for regional legal and policy harmonization specifically designed to align with public health and human rights principles.

Clinical and demographic characteristics of fatal anaphylaxis in Spain (1998-2011): A comparison between a series from the hospital system and a national forensic series.

BACKGROUND: Reports of fatal anaphylaxis remain scarce because of the rarity of the condition and the fact that information is limited to a few countries. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate clinical and demographic characteristics and the causes of fatal anaphylaxis in Spain using two databases of cases of fatal anaphylaxis. METHODS: We analysed fatal anaphylaxis in a series from the Spanish hospital system and a series from the National Institute of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences (Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses [INTCF]), which predominantly comprise extrahospital deaths. Deaths from the Spanish hospital system were retrieved from among all deaths occurring during 1998-2011 using codes related to anaphylaxis. Deaths due to anaphylaxis in the INTCF database during the same period were retrieved by 2 allergists, who identified cases in which anaphylaxis was a possible cause of death. A logistic regression model was constructed to predict the characteristics of fatal anaphylaxis in each database. RESULTS: The incidence of death by anaphylaxis in Spain using both databases was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.24-0.26) deaths per million person-years. The most frequent causes of death in the hospital system were drugs (46.1%), unknown causes (40.0%), and foods (10.4%); in the INTCF, the most common causes of death were drugs (47.2%), insect stings (30.6%), and foods (11.1%). The logistic regression model showed that fatal anaphylaxis due to unknown causes (OR 15.2, 95% CI 1.8-129.8) was more likely in the hospital database, whereas insect stings (OR 100, 95% CI 10-833.3) and previous atopic comorbidity (OR 15.2, 95% CI 6.3-33.3) were more likely in the INTCF database. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The estimated frequency of fatal anaphylaxis in Spain was among the lowest reported. Future studies of fatal anaphylaxis should use databases from different origins in order to show the considerable heterogeneity in this type of death.

Updates in the correlation of electroneuromyographic findings in diabetic polyneuropathy / Actualidades en la correlación de hallazgos electroneuromiográficos en polineuropatía diabética

Background: The diabetic neuropathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus. The reported prevalence ranges from 10-90%. Electrophysiological alterations can be demonstrated in nearly 100% of diabetics. Objective: To know the current profile of the patient with diabetic polyneuropathy. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study from 2015 to 2016. Reports of electroneuromyography with diabetic polyneuropathy result were analyzed, evaluating neuroconduction parameters of motor and sensory nerves, late F responses and myography. Descriptive statistics, Student's t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. Results: The sample included 72 men (65.5%) and 38 women (34.5%), mean age 61.2 years, mean duration of diabetes of 9.9 years. The most affected nerve was superficial peroneus, absent in 70% of the population.A positive correlation was found (p < 0.001) for the affection of all the nerves symmetrically and predominantly in neuroconduction velocities of the lower and upper limbs. Conclusion: The most frequent electrophysiological finding in diabetic polyneuropathy was sensory affection, being more severe in lower limbs. A finding in patients with recent diagnosis is the prolongation of proximal latencies in the lower extremities.

Introducción: la neuropatía diabética es la complicación microvascular más frecuente de la diabetes mellitus. Las prevalencias reportadas oscilan del 10 al 90%. Se pueden demostrar alteraciones electrofisiológicas en casi el 100% de los diabéticos. Objetivo: conocer el perfil actual del paciente con polineuropatía diabética. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo del año 2015 a 2016. Se analizaron reportes de electroneuromiografía con resultado de polineuropatía diabética, evaluando parámetros de neuroconducción de nervios motores y sensoriales, respuestas tardías F y miografía. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, la prueba de t de Student y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: la muestra incluyó a 72 hombres (65.5%) y 38 mujeres (34.5%), con edad media de 61.2 años, todos con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, con duración media de la diabetes de 9.9 años. El nervio más afectado fue el peroneo superficial, ausente en el 70% de la población. Se encontró una correlación positiva(p < 0.001) para la afección de todos los nervios de forma simétrica y de predominio en velocidades de neuroconducción de miembros inferiores y superiores. Conclusión: el hallazgo electrofisiológico más frecuente en polineuropatía diabética fue la afección sensorial, siendo más severa en miembros inferiores. Un hallazgo en pacientes con reciente diagnóstico es la prolongación de latencias proximales en extremidades inferiores.

A Ternary Mixture of Common Chemicals Perturbs Benign Human Breast Epithelial Cells More Than the Same Chemicals Do Individually.

As a continuous source of hormonal stimulation, environmentally ubiquitous estrogenic chemicals, ie, xenoestrogens (XEs), are a potential risk factor for breast carcinogenesis. Given their wide distribution in the environment and the fact that bisphenol-A (BPA), methylparaben (MP), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are uniformly detected in unselected body fluid samples, it must be assumed that humans are simultaneously exposed to these chemicals almost daily. We studied the effects of a ternary mixture of BPA, MP, and PFOA on benign breast epithelial cells at the range of concentrations observed for single chemicals in human samples. Measurements of exposure impact relevant to the breast were based on endpoints associated with "hallmarks" of cancer and "key characteristics" of carcinogens. These included modulation of total estrogen receptor (ER)α, phosphorylated ERα (pERα), total ERß, S-phase induction, and apoptotic evasion. Data from live cell measurements were fit to a log-linear dose-response model. Concentration-dependent reduction of ERß and apoptosis evasion was observed concurrently with the induction of ERα, pERα, and S-phase fraction, and an increased rate of cell proliferation. Beyond additive effects predicted by the sum of individual test XEs, mixture treatment demonstrated synergism for the ERß and apoptosis suppression phenotypes (p > .001). Nonmalignant breast cells were more sensitive than commonly used breast cancer lines to XE treatment in 3 of 5 endpoints. All observations were validated with cells isolated from the normal breast tissue of 14 individuals. At relatively low concentrations, a chemical mixture has striking effects on normal cell function that are missed by evaluation of single components.

Development of a Fluorescent Bodipy Probe for Visualization of the Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor in Native Cells of the Immune System.

Serotonin (5-HT) modulates key aspects of the immune system. However, its precise function and the receptors involved in the observed effects have remained elusive. Among the different serotonin receptors, 5-HT1A plays an important role in the immune system given its presence in cells involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses, but its actual levels of expression under different conditions have not been comprehensively studied due to the lack of suitable tools. To further clarify the role of 5-HT1A receptor in the immune system, we have developed a fluorescent small molecule probe that enables the direct study of the receptor levels in native cells. This probe allows direct profiling of the receptor expression in immune cells using flow cytometry. Our results show that important subsets of immune cells including human monocytes and dendritic cells express functional 5-HT1A and that its activation is associated with anti-inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, application of the probe to the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis demonstrates its potential to detect the specific overexpression of the 5-HT1A receptor in CD4+ T cells. Accordingly, the probe reported herein represents a useful tool whose use can be extended to study the levels of 5-HT1A receptor in ex vivo samples of different immune system conditions.

Poldip2 is an oxygen-sensitive protein that controls PDH and αKGDH lipoylation and activation to support metabolic adaptation in hypoxia and cancer.

Although the addition of the prosthetic group lipoate is essential to the activity of critical mitochondrial catabolic enzymes, its regulation is unknown. Here, we show that lipoylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (αKDH) complexes is a dynamically regulated process that is inhibited under hypoxia and in cancer cells to restrain mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, we found that the polymerase-δ interacting protein 2 (Poldip2), a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein of unknown function, controls the lipoylation of the pyruvate and α-KDH dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunits by a mechanism that involves regulation of the caseinolytic peptidase (Clp)-protease complex and degradation of the lipoate-activating enzyme Ac-CoA synthetase medium-chain family member 1 (ACSM1). ACSM1 is required for the utilization of lipoic acid derived from a salvage pathway, an unacknowledged lipoylation mechanism. In Poldip2-deficient cells, reduced lipoylation represses mitochondrial function and induces the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) by loss of substrate inhibition of prolyl-4-hydroxylases (PHDs). HIF-1α-mediated retrograde signaling results in a metabolic reprogramming that resembles hypoxic and cancer cell adaptation. Indeed, we observe that Poldip2 expression is down-regulated by hypoxia in a variety of cell types and basally repressed in triple-negative cancer cells, leading to inhibition of lipoylation of the pyruvate and α-KDH complexes and mitochondrial dysfunction. Increasing mitochondrial lipoylation by forced expression of Poldip2 increases respiration and reduces the growth rate of cancer cells. Our work unveils a regulatory mechanism of catabolic enzymes required for metabolic plasticity and highlights the role of Poldip2 as key during hypoxia and cancer cell metabolic adaptation.

2-AG limits Theiler's virus induced acute neuroinflammation by modulating microglia and promoting MDSCs.

The innate immune response is mediated by primary immune modulators such as cytokines and chemokines that together with immune cells and resident glia orchestrate CNS immunity and inflammation. Growing evidence supports that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) exerts protective actions in CNS injury models. Here, we used the acute phase of Theiler's virus induced demyelination disease (TMEV-IDD) as a model of acute neuroinflammation to investigate whether 2-AG modifies the brain innate immune responses to TMEV and CNS leukocyte trafficking. 2-AG or the inhibition of its hydrolysis diminished the reactivity and number of microglia at the TMEV injection site reducing their morphological complexity and modulating them towards an anti-inflammatory state via CB2 receptors. Indeed, 2-AG dampened the infiltration of immune cells into the CNS and inhibited their egress from the spleen, resulting in long-term beneficial effects at the chronic phase of the disease. Intriguingly, it is not a generalized action over leukocytes since 2-AG increased the presence and suppressive potency of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the brain resulting in higher apoptotic CD4+ T cells at the injection site. Together, these data suggest a robust modulatory effect in the peripheral and central immunity by 2-AG and highlight the interest of modulating endogenous cannabinoids to regulate CNS inflammatory conditions.

Clinical and pathological features of "small" GIST (≤2 cm). What is their prognostic value?

INTRODUCTION: Small GIST (<2 cm) are tumors whose biological behavior is benign and frequently involutes. Despite their increasing incidence, few studies have addressed the characteristics of these GIST. The aim of this work is to clarify the management of this entity. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The characteristics of ≤2 cm GIST were initially described, and then compared with those >2 cm. This series comprises 104 patients and they were divided according to tumor size in 4 groups: tumors which are ≤2 cm (group 1, G1), >2 and ≤ 5 cm (G2), >5 and ≤ 10 cm (G3) and >10 cm (G4). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Most of small GIST were asymptomatic and incidental, and were located in the stomach. There is an association between patients with associated tumors and asymptomatic GIST. A high overall mortality rate of up to 40% is observed being disease-specific mortality 4.5%. The disease-specific mortality increases proportionally with size. The overall survival (OS) at 5 years are lower for both <2 cm (61%) and >10 cm (53%) than the rest (85-91%). When analyzing the impact of tumor association on <2 cm GIST, we observed that the OS of patients with non-associated tumors was much higher than in the associated ones (90% vs 32% at 5 years, respectively), while no differences were observed in the disease specific survival. CONCLUSIONS: Small GIST are tumors that are very often incidentally discovered in the course of complementary examinations. Its prognosis is very good, but it depends on the associated tumor.

PPARγ Regulates Mitochondrial Structure and Function and Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder that causes significant morbidity and mortality despite existing therapies. PH pathogenesis is characterized by metabolic derangements that increase pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation and vascular remodeling. PH-associated decreases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) stimulate PASMC proliferation, and PPARγ in coordination with PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) regulates mitochondrial gene expression and biogenesis. To further examine the impact of decreases in PPARγ expression on human PASMC (HPASMC) mitochondrial function, we hypothesized that depletion of either PPARγ or PGC1α perturbs mitochondrial structure and function to stimulate PASMC proliferation. To test this hypothesis, HPASMCs were exposed to hypoxia and treated pharmacologically with the PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or with siRNA against PPARγ or PGC1α for 72 hours. HPASMC proliferation (cell counting), target mRNA levels (qRT-PCR), target protein levels (Western blotting), mitochondria-derived H2O2 (confocal immunofluorescence), mitochondrial mass and fragmentation, and mitochondrial bioenergetic profiling were determined. Hypoxia or knockdown of either PPARγ or PGC1α increased HPASMC proliferation, enhanced mitochondria-derived H2O2, decreased mitochondrial mass, stimulated mitochondrial fragmentation, and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics. Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence that loss of PPARγ diminishes PGC1α and stimulates derangements in mitochondrial structure and function that cause PASMC proliferation. Overexpression of PGC1α reversed hypoxia-induced HPASMC derangements. This study identifies additional mechanistic underpinnings of PH, and provides support for the notion of activating PPARγ as a novel therapeutic strategy in PH.

2-Arachidonoylglycerol Reduces Proteoglycans and Enhances Remyelination in a Progressive Model of Demyelination.

The failure to undergo remyelination is a critical impediment to recovery in multiple sclerosis. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) accumulate at demyelinating lesions creating a nonpermissive environment that impairs axon regeneration and remyelination. Here, we reveal a new role for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the major CNS endocannabinoid, in the modulation of CSPGs deposition in a progressive model of multiple sclerosis, the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. Treatment with a potent reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, which accounts for 85% of the 2-AG degradation in the mouse CNS, modulates neuroinflammation and reduces CSPGs accumulation and astrogliosis around demyelinated lesions in the spinal cord of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected mice. Inhibition of 2-AG hydrolysis augments the number of mature oligodendrocytes and increases MBP, leading to remyelination and functional recovery of mice. Our findings establish a mechanism for 2-AG promotion of remyelination with implications in axonal repair in CNS demyelinating pathologies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The deposition of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans contributes to the failure in remyelination associated with multiple sclerosis. Here we unveil a new role for 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the major CNS endocannabinoid, in the modulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan accumulation in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. The treatment during the chronic phase with a potent reversible inhibitor of the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase, which accounts for 85% of the 2-arachidonoylglycerol degradation in the mouse CNS, modulates neuroinflammation and reduces chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan deposition around demyelinated lesions in the spinal cord of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected mice. The increased 2-arachidonoylglycerol tone promotes remyelination in a model of progressive multiple sclerosis ameliorating motor dysfunction.

Estudio de una cohorte de pacientes tratados con tigeciclina por infección intraabdominal tras cirugía abdominal compleja: epidemiologia y factores pronósticos / Epidemiology and risk factors of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection treated with tigecycline: a cohort study

Objetivos. Estudiar la epidemiología de la infección intraabddominal postquirúrgica, la efectividad de tigeciclina y los factores asociadas a la mortalidad. Paciente y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de los pacientes con infección intraabdominal postquirúrgica con documentación microbiológica y tratados con tigeciclina. Resultados. Se estudiaron 103 pacientes, de los que sólo fueron evaluados 61 que cumplían todos los criterios de selección y que recibieron tratamiento con tigeciclina sola o en combinación. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 67 años con predominio de hombres (72%), el índice de Charlson ≥ 3 estaba presente en el 65,5% de los casos, siendo la diabetes y la neoplasia de colon las enfermedades más frecuentes. La cirugía neoplásica fue la más realizada (n=44, 72%), constatando en 43 (69%) casos el uso previo de antibióticos. El índice de Pitt ≥3 fue del 69%, aislándose como microorganismos más frecuentes Escherichia coli (38%), Enterococcus spp. (34%) con predominio de Enterococcus faecium, y Klebsiella pneumoniae más Enterobacter cloacae en 28%. Todos los pacientes recibieron tigeciclina, sola en 17 (28%) casos o en combinación 44 (72%), fundamentalmente con meropenem 25 (57%) o amikacina 19 (43%). De los 61 pacientes, 11 (18%) fallecieron, habiendo precisado todos ellos cirugía neoplásica ampliada y con aislamientos de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido. En el análisis univariado se identificaron como factores pronósticos asociados significativamente con mayor mortalidad el índice de Charlson >3, pH venoso <7,30 y leucocitosis >20.000 cells/mm3. Conclusiones. Dado que se trata de una cohorte de pacientes tratados con tigeciclina, el aislamiento de E. faecium era muy frecuente. Tigeciclina, en monoterapia o en combinación, se asoció a una tasa de curación del 82%, constituyendo probablemente, una alternativa de gran interés en el tratamiento empírico de estas infecciones graves (AU)

Objectives. To study a cohort of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection treated with tigecycline to analyze its effectiveness and mortality related factors. Patients and methods. Prospective study of patients with intra-abdominal postsurgical infection with microbiological isolation and treated with tigecycline. Results. Out of 103 patients only 61 full fit inclusion criteria. Mean age was 67 year-old and 72% were male. Charlson score was ≥ 3 in 65.5%, being diabetes and colon cancer the most prevalent diseases. Cancer surgery was the most frequent procedure (n=44, 72%) and previous antibiotic administration was present in 43 cases (69%). Pitt score was ≥ 3 in 69% and most prevalent bacteria were Escherichia coli (38 %), Enterococcus spp. (34%; mainly Enterococcus faecium) and Klebsiella pneumoniae together with Enterobacter cloacae (28%). Tigecycline was prescribed alone (17; 28%) or in combination with other antibiotics (44; 72%), mainly meropenem (25; 57%) or amikacin (19, 43%). 11 patients died (18%), all of which suffered extended cancer surgery and isolation of extended-spectrum betalactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae. Factors statistically associated to death in univariate analysis were Charlson score 3, pH <7.3 and leucocyte count >20.000 cells/mm3. Conclusions. As being a cohort of patients treated with tigecycline, E. faecium isolation was very frequent. Non-fatal evolution was achieved in 82% cases, being tigecycline a potentially good option in the empiric treatment of very severe infections (AU)