Viability of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 Encapsulated by Ionic Gelation during Refractance Window® Drying of a Strawberry Snack.

The selection of appropriate probiotic strains is vital for their successful inclusion in foods. These strains must withstand processing to reach consumers with ≥106 CFU/g, ensuring effective probiotic function. Achieving this in commercial products is challenging due to sensitivity to temperature during processing. In this work, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 was microencapsulated by ionic gelation (with alginate or pectin) followed by polymeric coating (with whey protein concentrate or chitosan). Then, such microcapsules were incorporated into a strawberry puree, which was subsequently dehydrated at three temperatures (40 °C, 45 °C, and 50 °C) by Refractance Window®. The ultimate aim was to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods from a technological point of view. Kinetic curves of the probiotic's viability showed a high cell loading (>109 CFU/g). Additionally, an average encapsulation efficiency of 91% and a particle size of roughly 200 µm were found. A decrease in the viability of the microorganism was observed as drying temperature and time increased. As a demonstration of the above, in a particular case, drying at 45 °C and 50 °C, viable cells were found up to 165 min and 90 min, respectively; meanwhile, drying at 40 °C, viable cells were reported even after 240 min. The greatest viability preservation was achieved with Refractance Window® drying at 40 °C for 240 min when microcapsules coated with whey protein concentrate were incorporated into puree; this procedure showed great potential to produce dehydrated strawberry snacks with moisture (15%), water activity (aw < 0.6), and viability (≥106 CFU/g) suitable for functional foods. The membrane-stabilizing properties of whey protein concentrate could prevent cell damage. In contrast, probiotics in chitosan-coated capsules showed reduced viability, potentially due to antimicrobial properties and the formation of cracks. These findings signify a breakthrough in the production of dehydrated snacks with the addition of probiotics, addressing challenges in preserving the viability of these probiotics during processing; thus, opening the possibility for the development of a probiotic strawberry snack.

Molecular Bases of Protein Antigenicity and Determinants of Immunogenicity, Anergy, and Mitogenicity.

BACKGROUND: The immune system is able to recognize substances that originate from inside or outside the body and are potentially harmful. Foreign substances that bind to immune system components exhibit antigenicity and are defined as antigens. The antigens exhibiting immunogenicity can induce innate or adaptive immune responses and give rise to humoral or cell-mediated immunity. The antigens exhibiting mitogenicity can cross-link cell membrane receptors on B and T lymphocytes leading to cell proliferation. All antigens vary greatly in physicochemical features such as biochemical nature, structural complexity, molecular size, foreignness, solubility, and so on. OBJECTIVE: Thus, this review aims to describe the molecular bases of protein-antigenicity and those molecular bases that lead to an immune response, lymphocyte proliferation, or unresponsiveness. CONCLUSION: The epitopes of an antigen are located in surface areas; they are about 880-3,300 Da in size. They are protein, carbohydrate, or lipid in nature. Soluble antigens are smaller than 1 nm and are endocytosed less efficiently than particulate antigens. The more the structural complexity of an antigen increases, the more the antigenicity increases due to the number and variety of epitopes. The smallest immunogens are about 4,000-10,000 Da in size. The more phylogenetically distant immunogens are from the immunogen-recipient, the more immunogenicity increases. Antigens that are immunogens can trigger an innate or adaptive immune response. The innate response is induced by antigens that are pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Exogenous antigens, T Dependent or T Independent, induce humoral immunogenicity. TD protein-antigens require two epitopes, one sequential and one conformational to induce antibodies, whereas, TI non-protein-antigens require only one conformational epitope to induce low-affinity antibodies. Endogenous protein antigens require only one sequential epitope to induce cell-mediated immunogenicity.

Recent advances in bio-based extraction processes for the recovery of bound phenolics from agro-industrial by-products and their biological activity.

Usually found bound to other complex molecules (e.g., lignin, hemicellulose), phenolic compounds (PC) are widely present in agro-industrial by-products, and their extraction is challenging. In recent times, research is starting to highlight the bioactive roles played by bound phenolics (BPC) in human health. This review aims at providing a critical update on recent advances in green techniques for the recovery of BPC, focusing on enzymatic-assisted (EAE) and fermentation-assisted extraction (FAE) as well as in the combination of technologies, showing variable yield and features. The present review also summarizes the most recent biological activities attributed to BPC extracts until now. The higher antioxidant activity of BPC-compared to FPC-coupled with their affordable by-product source make them medicinally potent and economically viable, promoting their integral upcycling and generating new revenue streams, business, and employment opportunities. In addition, EAE and FAE can have a biotransformative effect on the PC itself or its moiety, leading to improved extraction outcomes. Moreover, recent research on BPC extracts has reported promising anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activity. Yet further research is needed to elucidate their biological mechanisms and exploit the true potential of their applications in terms of new food products or ingredient development for human consumption.

Efecto del plomo y del arsénico en condiciones de laboratorio sobre la rana africana de uñas (Xenopus laevis) y la rana leopardo (Lithobates berlandieri) / Effect of lead and arsenic under laboratory conditions on African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) and leopard frog (Lithobates berlandieri)

Actualmente, existe una creciente preocupación ya que algunas especies de anfibios han mostrado un declive en sus poblaciones por causa de diversos factores, entre ellos los metales pesados; por esta razón, es importante realizar estudios sobre esta problemática ambiental. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la cantidad del plomo y arsénico que se concentra en los tejidos de la rana Africana de uñas (Xenopus laevis) en etapa juvenil y de la rana Leopardo (Lithobates berlandieri) en etapa larvaria y en el agua después de 16 semanas expuestas a placas de plomo y arseniato de sodio, con la finalidad de determinar si esta acumulación de metales provoca eventualmente anomalías morfológicas en su desarrollo. Los individuos fueron puestos en contacto con placas de plomo, arseniato de sodio, agua de la red de abastecimiento de agua de consumo público (grupos experimentales) y con agua potable (grupo control). Los organismos fueron inspeccionados de manera externa para identificar anomalías macroscópicas, además de realizarles análisis morfométricos. Los análisis espectroquímicos (espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, con la técnica de horno de grafito) mostraron que hay un proceso de bioconcentración y bioacumulación de metales cuando los organismos están en contacto con estos metales y con agua de la red de abastecimiento público, la cual está contaminada también, pues se detectaron cantidades altas de metales en los tejidos de las larvas. Respecto a la morfometría hubo diferencias significativas en algunas estructuras entre el grupo control y los grupos experimentales en X. laevis. En L. berlandieri fueron detectadas anomalías macroscópicas como curvatura de la cola, problemas de pigmentación, protuberancias en el abdomen e inadecuada posición de los intestinos en aquellos individuos que estuvieron en contacto con estos metales pesados. (AU)

Currently, there is growing concern as some amphibian species have shown a decline in their populations due to various factors, including heavy metals; for this reason, it is important to carry out studies on this environmental problem. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of lead and arsenic concentrated in the tissues of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) in the juvenile stage and the Leopard frog (Lithobates berlandieri) in the larval stage and in the water after 16 weeks exposed to lead plates and sodium arsenate, in order to determine if this accumulation of metals eventually causes morphological abnormalities in their development. The individuals were placed in contact with lead plates, sodium arsenate, water from the public water supply network (experimental groups) and with drinking water (control group). The organisms were externally inspected to identify macroscopic anomalies, in addition to performing morphometric analysis. The spectrochemical analyzes (atomic absorption spectrophotometry, with the graphite furnace technique) showed that there is a process of bioconcentration and bioaccumulation of metals when the organisms are in contact with these metals and with water from the public supply network, which is also contaminated, since high amounts of metals were detected in the tissues of the larvae. Regarding morphometry, there were significant differences in some structures between the control group and the experimental groups in X. laevis. In L. berlandieri, macroscopic abnormalities such as curvature of the tail, pigmentation problems, protuberances in the abdomen and inappropriate position of the intestines were detected in those individuals that were in contact with these heavy metals. (AU)

Medicinal plants used by rural communities in the arid zone of Viesca and Parras Coahuila in northeast Mexico.

This study is the first record of medicinal plants in the southwest of the Coahuila state, an arid zone where extreme dry conditions prevail. One hundred twenty-two residents (in sixteen communities) were interviewed. The residents were questioned with a questionnaire-guided ethnomedical survey protocol about the various plants used. Seventy-seven species of medicinal plants belonging to 36 botanical families were cited. The highest use-value (UV) was calculated for Lippia graveolens Kunth (0.30); Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. (0.20); Eucalyptus abdita Brooker & Hopper, Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (0.16); Mentha spicata L. (0.15) and Salvia officinalis L. (0.10). Informant consensus factor (ICF) about usages of medicinal plants ranges from 0.41 to 0.80; the highest level of agreement was determined between the informants and Respiratory System Diseases (0.80). The highest fidelity level (FL) values (100%) were identified in Flourensia cernua DC., Artisia ludoviciana Nutt., and Parthenium incanum Kunth to Gastro-intestinal System Diseases; Eucalyptus abdita Brooker & Hopper, Bougainvillea berberidifolia Heimerl, and Lippia graveolens Kunth to Respiratory System Diseases (RSD) and Cyclolepis genistoides D.Don and Ephedra antisyphilitica Berland. ex C.A.Mey. to Obstetrics, Gynecology and Urinary tract Diseases. These last two medicinal plant species ("palo azul" and "pitoreal") used by the rural communities in Viesca in the treatment of urinary tract infections and kidney stones have not been reported previously. These findings can provide new research directions for further phytochemical studies. The present study revealed that the residents are rich in ethno-medicinal knowledge and actively use medicinal plants to treat various diseases. New phytochemical and pharmacological research are needed to confirm the therapeutic potential and safety of the identified plants.

Insects, Plants, and Microorganisms from Dry Lands as Novel Sources of Proteins and Peptides for Human Consumption.

Protein malnutrition is present in developing countries but also in developed ones due to actual eating habits involving insufficient protein intake. In addition to this, it is estimated by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations that the world's population will increase to 9.1 billion people in less than 30 years. This poses a significant challenge in terms of nourishing the population. Different strategies have been proposed to address this challenge, including exploring novel protein sources such as plants. For instance, Prosopis alba pods have an 85.5% protein content. Other examples are microorganisms, such as Halobacillus adaensis which produces 571 U/mL of protease, and insects such as those belonging to the Orthoptera order, like grasshoppers, which have a protein content of 65.96%. These sources have been found in dry lands and are being explored to address this challenge.

Antioxidant Dietary Fiber Sourced from Agroindustrial Byproducts and Its Applications.

Agroindustrial activities generate various residues or byproducts which are inefficiently utilized, impacting the environment and increasing production costs. These byproducts contain significant amounts of bioactive compounds, including dietary fiber with associated phenolic compounds, known as antioxidant dietary fiber (ADF). Phenolic compounds are related to the prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress, such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The mechanism of ADF depends on its chemical structure and the interactions between the dietary fiber and associated phenolic compounds. This work describes ADF, the main byproducts considered sources of ADF, its mechanisms of action, and its potential use in the formulation of foods destined for human consumption. ADF responds to the demand for low-cost, functional ingredients with great health benefits. A higher intake of antioxidant dietary fiber contributes to reducing the risk of diseases such as type II diabetes, colon cancer, obesity, and kidney stones, and has bile-acid retention-excretion, gastrointestinal laxative, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, prebiotic, and cardioprotective effects. ADF is a functional, sustainable, and profitable ingredient with different applications in agroindustry; its use can improve the technofunctional and nutritional properties of food, helping to close the cycle following the premise of the circular economy.

Quality of Physalis peruviana fruits coated with pectin and pectin reinforced with nanocellulose from P. peruviana calyces.

Physalis peruviana is marketed without its calyx, which generates byproducts and a decrease in the shelf life of these fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of edible pectin-coatings reinforced with nanocellulose from calyx on the physical-chemical and physiological parameters of P. peruviana fruits during refrigerated storage (5 °C) for ten days. The nanocellulose extraction was carried out using a combined extraction method (chemical procedures and ultrasound radiation). The characterization of the fibers showed that the maximum degradation temperatures ranged between 300 and 311 °C. The SEM analysis revealed the presence of fibers after the chemical treatment. The removal of lignin and hemicellulose was validated using Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the fruits treated with pectin and pectin reinforced with nanocellulose at 0.5 % (w/w) had an adequate visual appearance and showed a minor color change (ΔE of 19.04 and 21.04, respectively) and the highest retention of L∗ during storage. Although the addition of nanocellulose at 0.5% presented the lowest respiratory rate (29.60 mgCO2/kg h), the treatment with pectin offered the least weight loss and showed the highest firmness retention at the end of storage. Thus, the edible pectin-coating may be useful for improving the postharvest quality and storage life of fresh P. peruviana fruit. Nanocellulose from P. peruviana calyces can be used under the concept of a circular economy; although, its use as a reinforcement of pectin showed some limitations.

Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) as Source of Bioactive Compounds: A Review.

Lippia graveolens is a traditional crop and a rich source of bioactive compounds with various properties (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, UV defense, anti-glycemic, and cytotoxicity) that is primarily cultivated for essential oil recovery. The isolated bioactive compounds could be useful as additives in the functional food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Carvacrol, thymol, ß-caryophyllene, and p-cymene are terpene compounds contained in oregano essential oil (OEO); flavonoids such as quercetin O-hexoside, pinocembrin, and galangin are flavonoids found in oregano extracts. Furthermore, thermoresistant compounds that remain in the plant matrix following a thermal process can be priced in terms of the circular economy. By using better and more selective extraction conditions, the bioactive compounds present in Mexican oregano can be studied as potential inhibitors of COVID-19. Also, research on extraction technologies should continue to ensure a higher quality of bioactive compounds while preventing an undesired chemical shift (e.g., hydrolysis). The oregano fractions can be used in the food, health, and agricultural industries.

Ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from Mexican "Ataulfo" mango peels: Antioxidant potential and identification by HPLC/ESI/MS.

INTRODUCTION: Mango is used in traditional medicine in many countries. However, the processing by-products are not currently used and generate large pollution problems and high handling costs. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of different parameters in the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from mango peels using modern and ecological ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction technology. METHODOLOGY: Various parameters of these processes were studied: the extract was recovered by liquid chromatography using Ambetlite XAD-16. The total polyphenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu's and HCl-butanol methods. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+), 1,10-diphenyl-2-20-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and lipid oxidation inhibition methods. The recovered compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). RESULTS: The best extraction conditions were solid/liquid ratio of 1/5 g/mL, ethanol percentage of 50%, and an extraction time of 10 min. Under these conditions, the total polyphenol content was 54.15 mg/g, and the antioxidant activities were greater than 90% inhibition in the three assays evaluated. According to the high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI/MS) analysis, nine polyphenolic compounds were identified; most of them were gallotannins, such as pentagalloyl glucose. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction was shown to be effective and allowed the recovery of antioxidant polyphenolic compounds. The results indicated that mango peel extracts can be used as natural antioxidant components in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Candelilla Wax Edible Coating with Flourensia cernua Bioactives to Prolong the Quality of Tomato Fruits.

The improvement of the postharvest quality of tomato fruits was evaluated using an edible coating functionalized with an Flourensia cernua extract evaluating the antifungal, structural, barrier, and optical properties. The formulation and evaluation of an edible coating and its application on tomato was evaluated using a response surface methodology to determine the ideal concentrations of candelilla wax, whey protein, and glycerol. Edible films showed good barrier properties, with water vapor permeability varying from 0.435-0.404 g mm/m2 day kPa. The addition o F. cernua extract showed significant improvement in the transparency of films. The edible coating applied to tomato reduced weight and firmness loss. The sensory evaluation proved that the product obtained is acceptable for consumers. The edible coating added with F. cernua extract was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi and the visual appearance at the end of storage confirmed the beneficial effect of the edible coating.

Cytotoxic evaluation of sodium hypochlorite, using Pisum sativum L as effective bioindicator.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of different sodium hypochlorite concentrations, using apical root cells of P. sativum as a bioindicator. Initially, the seeds of P. sativum were exposed to different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2 mg L-1) and to a control solution based on distilled water. Next, root growth was measured during 24, 48 and 72 h. Subsequently, the mitotic index (MI) and cellular anomalies (5000 cells per treatment) were determined at 72 h. According to the results obtained, a decrease in root growth was observed at concentrations of 0.4, 1.6 and 2 mg L-1. Likewise, it was evident that, among all the evaluated concentrations, an inhibition of mitosis higher than 50% was presented. Additionally, chromosomal anomalies were also generated, such as Nuclear notch, lagging chromosomes and Chromosomal break, which were present in all the concentrations evaluated. In addition, the presence of micronuclei at concentrations of 2.0 and 1.6 mg L-1 indicate that sodium hypochlorite is a highly cytotoxic substance. Therefore, P. sativum is a specie that offers a feasible experimental model to be implemented in the laboratory with the aim to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of any cytotoxic substance.

Neuropatía úptica isquémica anterior unilateral asociada con ergotismo / Anterior unilateral ischemic optic neuropathy associated to ergotism

Case report of a patient with ergotism. ergotism is a complication of acute intoxication of chronic abuse of ergot derivates. Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye and less commonly on other grases such as wheat. Ergotism is a severe reaction to ergocontaminated food (such as rye bread). Ergot refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps. It is a condition that develops of longterm ingestion of ergotamines. In excess, ergotamine can cause symptos such as hallucinations, severe gastrointestinal upset, a type-of dry gangrene and a pain-ful sensation in the extremities. Our patient is presented with anterior unilateral ischemic optic neuropathy. The studies performed and the clinical evaluatiion, are presented, and the treatment the same as the follow-up, are described in the article.

Rabdomiólisis tras la práctica de spinning: una asociación peculiar / Rabdomiólise depois de spinning. Uma associação peculiar / Rhabdomyolysis after spinning. A peculiar association

La rabdomiólisis de esfuerzo es una entidad clínica con unas características especiales. Se describe un cuadro de rabdomiólisis en un varón joven y sano, tras la práctica de una única sesión de spinning y se compara con otros descritos en la literatura. El objetivo es exponer las peculiaridades de la asociación del spinning con la rabdomiólisis por esfuerzo y conocer el riesgo de esta patología, aun en personas sanas, en relación con esta práctica deportiva. La contracción muscular que se produce en este ejercicio y la percepción disminuida del esfuerzo, al ser una actividad realizada en grupo, estimulada ambientalmente y alentada por un monitor, pueden contribuir a esta asociación (AU)

Rabdomiólise por esforço é um quadro clínico com características especiais. Apresentamos um relato de caso e revisão de literatura, de rabdomiólise em um homem jovem adulto e saudável depois de praticar uma única sessão de treino de spinning, em comparação com técnicas descritas na literatura. Objetivo: Descrever as peculiaridades da associação do spinning com a Rabdomiólise por esforço e conhecer o risco desta patologia mesmo em pessoas saudáveis em relação com a pratica do esporte. A contração muscular que se produz neste exercício e a diminuição da percepção de esforço, sendo uma atividade desenvolvida em grupo e estimulada ambientalmente e incentivada por um monitor pode contribuir para esta associação (AU)

Exertional rhabdomyolysis is a distinct entity with special characteristics. We present a case report, and literature review, of rhabdomyolysis in a young healthy male adult after practicing a single spinning session. The objective is to explain the peculiarities of the association spinning and exertional rhabdomyolysis and determine the risk of this disease, even in healthy people, concerning this sport. Muscular contraction during this exercise and the diminished perception of effort, due to being a group activity encouraged by a monitor, may contribute to its association (AU)

Mononeuropatía femoral de etiología poco habitual / Femoral mononeuropathy of unusual etiology

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Patologías tratadas con oxigenoterapia hiperbárica en el Hospital Central de la Defensa / Pathologies treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in The Central Hospital of Defense

INTRODUCCIÓN: La oxigenoterapia hiperbárica (OHB) es una modalidad terapéutica que se fundamenta en la obtención de presiones parciales de oxígeno elevadas en sangre, al respirar oxígeno puro, en el interior de una cámara hiperbárica a una presión superior a la atmosférica. Sus acciones incluyen efectos hemodinámicos, acciones sobre la inmunidad y el transporte de O2. Este amplio espectro de efectos facilita que sus recomendaciones puedan incluir una gran variedad de indicaciones, algunas de ellas controvertidas. OBJETIVOS: Conocer las patologías de los pacientes tratados con OHB en la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (CAM) y revisar la evidencia científica al respecto. MÉTODO: En la actualidad la cámara hiperbárica del Servicio de MSB (Medicina Subacuática) del HCD (Hospital Central de la Defensa) es la de referencia en la CAM. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes atendidos entre Febrero 2013 y Junio 2014. Se recogieron las siguientes variables: 1) Enfermos aceptados y desestimados para el tratamiento. 2) Edad y sexo de los pacientes tratados. 3) Patología por la que se indicaba el tratamiento. 4) Complicaciones observadas en relación con la OHB. RESULTADOS: Se aceptaron para tratamiento 113 enfermos procedentes de 15 Hospitales de la CAM. Se desestimaron para tratamiento con OHB a 22 pacientes por patologías o tratamientos activos que no hacían aconsejable el tratamiento con OHB en ese momento. El 59,82 % eran hombres y el 40,18 % mujeres. Edad media 64,72 años. Las indicaciones principales de tratamiento fueron las lesiones radio inducidas 52,21 % de los casos (n=59) y las úlceras y heridas de evolución tórpida con mala respuesta a tratamiento convencional 23 % de los casos (n=26). El tratamiento tuvo que ser suspendido en 8 pacientes (7,14 % de los tratados) por mala tolerancia o complicaciones leves. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: Las indicaciones de OHB en nuestra muestra comprenden un amplio número de patologías. Las lesiones radio inducidas son la indicación más frecuente de los enfermos tratados con OHB en el HCD. En este grupo destaca la osteorradionecrosis de mandíbula (ORNM) tras radioterapia (RT) en tumores de cabeza y cuello. Todas las indicaciones de OHB de la muestra presentada cuentan con estudios que avalan su uso, aunque no existen para ninguna de ellas estudios randomizados controlados, doble ciego. Las complicaciones que observamos en el tratamiento con OHB en nuestra muestra son leves por lo que la podemos considerar un tratamiento seguro. Creemos que la OHB ofrece una gran oportunidad para investigar la evidencia científica firme que avale sus indicaciones en discusión

INTRODUCTION: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a therapeutic modality that is based on obtaining high partial pressures of oxygen in blood, breathing pure oxygen inside a hyperbaric chamber at a pressure above atmospheric. Their actions include hemodynamic effects, actions on immunity and O2 transport. This broad spectrum of effects makes its recommendations may include a variety of indications, some of them controversial. OBJECTIVES: To know the pathologies of patients treated with HBO in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (CAM) and review the scientific evidence for this. METHOD: At present the hyperbaric chamber MSB Service (Underwater Medicine) HCD (Central Hospital of Defense) is the reference in the CAM. The medical records of patients treated between February and June-13-14 were reviewed. The following variables were collected: 1) Sick accepted and rejected for treatment. 2) Age and sex of patients treated. 3) Patho-logy for which treatment is indicated. 4) Complications observed in connection with HBO. RESULTS: 113 patients accepted for treatment from 15 hospitals in the CAM. Were rejected for HBO therapy for pathologies 22 patients or active treatments did not advisable HBO therapy at that time. The 59.82% were male and 40.18% female. Mean age 64.72 years. The main indica-tions for treatment were within lesions induced 52.21% of cases (n = 59) and ulcers and wounds torpid with poor response to conventional treatment 23% of cases (n = 26). The treatment had to be suspended in 8 patients (7.14% treated) by poor tole-rance or mild complications. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The indications for HBO in our sample comprises a large number of pathologies. Radio induced injuries are the most common indication for patients treated with HBO in the HCD. In this group highlights the jaw osteoradionecrosis (ORNM) after radiotherapy (RT) in head and neck tumors. All indications OHB sample have presented studies supporting its use, although there are none for randomized controlled trials, double-blind. The complications observed in the HBO treatment in our sample are mild so we can consider it a safe treatment. We believe that HBO offers a great opportunity to investigate the firm scientific evidence to support its indications discussion

Porfiria cutánea tarda en un paciente VIH. ¿Papel secundario o protagonista del virus? / Porphyria cutanea tarda in an HIV-infected patient. Secondary role or protagonist of the virus?

La sospecha sobre la asociación de la infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), con el tipo I o forma esporádica de la porfiria cutánea tarda (PCT), comenzó pocos años después del descubrimiento del virus. La patogenia de la PCT en estos enfermos no está aclarada y, aunque en la mayoría de los pacientes se identifica más de un factor predisponenente, se considera que el propio VIH es un elemento independiente de riesgo para padecer la enfermedad. En esta comunicación se describe el caso de un paciente con infección por el VIH en el que se estableció de forma simultanea el diagnóstico de PCT

A suspicion about the association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with type I or sporadic form of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) began a few years after the discovery of the virus. The pathogenesis of PCT in these patients is unclear and although majority of the patients have more than one underlying factor for the disease, it is considered that HIV itself is an independent risk element for its development. This communication describes the case of a patient with HIV infection in whom the diagnosis of PCT was established simultaneously

Fiebre botonosa mediterránea: a propósito de un caso / Mediterranean spotted fever: a case report

Los síntomas típicos de la fiebre botonosa mediterránea (FBM) incluyen fiebre, un rash cutáneo generalizado y la presencia de una escara negra que puede pasar desapercibida. Por lo general sigue un curso benigno, aunque ocasionalmente aparecen complicaciones graves. A pesar de que la enfermedad fue descrita hace un siglo, algunas preguntas acerca del vector y el reservorio real de la enfermedad siguen sin aclararse. Presentamos un caso típico de FBM y planteamos una hipótesis sobre la forma de transmisión de la Rickettsia en nuestro paciente

Typical symptoms of Mediterranean spotted fever (FBM) include fever, generalized rash and the presence of a black eschar that may go unnoticed. Usually follows a benign course, but occasionally serious complications occur. Although the disease was first described a century ago, a few questions about the actual vector and reservoir of the disease remain unclear. We present a typical case of FBM and propose a hypothesis about the mode of transmission of Rickettsia in our patient

Diagnóstico retardado de hernia de Bochdalek. Presentación de caso / Delayed diagnosis of Bochdalek hernia. Case presentation

Fundamento: el defecto congénito en el cierre de la región posterolateral del diafragma se denomina hernia de Bochdalek y solo en el 10 % de los niños el diagnóstico se realiza después del primer mes de vida. Este defecto congénito permite que se desplacen las vísceras abdominales hacia el tórax, lo que a la vez puede ser la causa de una opacidad pulmonar persistente en la radiografía torácica. Objetivo: ilustrar, debido a su infrecuencia, el diagnóstico retardado de hernia de Bochdalek en una paciente con una opacidad pulmonar persistente. Presentación de caso: se describe el caso de una niña de once meses de edad, que ingresó por una opacidad pulmonar persistente en base pulmonar izquierda y signos clínicos de infección. Después de realizar tratamiento con antibióticos durante cinco días tuvo mejoría clínica pero persistía la imagen en la radiografía torácica. En la tomografía computarizada se observó el bazo localizado en el hemitórax izquierdo debido a una hernia de Bochdalek. Conclusiones: el diagnóstico de la hernia de Bochdalek fuera de la etapa de recién nacido es infrecuente, sin embargo esta enfermedad debe tenerse en cuenta en todo paciente con una opacidad pulmonar persistente aun cuando su edad sobrepase la etapa neonatal.

Background: congenital defect in the closure of the posterolateral region of the diaphragm is called Bochdalek hernia and only in 10 % of children the diagnosis is made after the first month of life. This birth defect allows abdominal organs to move into the chest, which in turn can be the cause of persistent pulmonary opacity on chest radiography. Objective: to illustrate the delayed diagnosis of Bochdalek hernia in a patient with a persistent pulmonary opacity, as it is an infrequent case. Case presentation: the case of an eleven months old girl, who was admitted for a left lung base pulmonary opacity and persistent clinical signs of infection is described. The patient had clinical improvement after completing treatment with antibiotics for five days but the image persisted on chest radiography. Computed tomography showed the spleen in the left hemithorax due to Bochdalek hernia. Conclusions: the diagnosis of Bochdalek hernia out of the newborn stage is rare, however this disease should be considered in all patients with persistent pulmonary opacity even when their age exceeds the neonatal stage.