ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, such as silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and magnesium oxide, have been explored previously in clinical and environmental settings and in consumable food products. However, a lack of consistency in the experimental methods and materials used has culminated in conflicting results, even amongst studies of the same nanostructure types and bacterial species. For researchers who wish to employ nanostructures as an additive or coating in a product design, these conflicting data limit their utilization in clinical settings. To confront this dilemma, in this article, we present four different methods to determine the antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, and discuss their applicability in different scenarios. Adapting consistent methods is expected to lead to reproducible data that can be compared across studies and implemented for different nanostructure types and microbial species. We introduce two methods to determine the antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles and two methods for the antimicrobial activities of nanostructured surfaces. For nanoparticles, the direct co-culture method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of nanoparticles, and the direct exposure culture method can be used to assess real-time bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activity resulting from nanoparticle exposure. For nanostructured surfaces, the direct culture method is used to determine the viability of bacteria indirectly and directly in contact with nanostructured surfaces, and the focused-contact exposure method is used to examine antimicrobial activity on a specific area of a nanostructured surface. We discuss key experimental variables to consider for in vitro study design when determining the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces. All these methods are relatively low cost, employ techniques that are relatively easy to master and repeatable for consistency, and are applicable to a broad range of nanostructure types and microbial species.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Nanoparticles , Nanostructures , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Nanoparticles/chemistry , Nanostructures/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
River floodplains have a high biological diversity that is intensely influenced by vegetation dynamics, changes in space and time scales, and the river's hydrological regime. The vegetation composition of the medium and lower Paraná River has been analyzed previously, with different approaches and criteria that cannot be compared. The aim of this study is to analyze the diversity of the herbaceous vegetation over long time spans, from its regeneration after a catastrophic flood to its recovery, in the North and South sites of the flooding valley of the Medium Paraná River. The first sampling of a pioneer community was performed after the 1982-83 catastrophic flood, and included the surveillance of two plots in two successive recovery stages. Floristic composition and cover-abundance of all species were recorded per plot. Floristic richness, using jackknife, Shannon and Hurlbert diversity and Simpson dominance curves were calculated for each site and for each survey, using EcoSim (software). Floristic richness was higher in the North of Medium Paraná, while dominance was higher in the South. Diversity indexes did not varied significantly and resulted in relatively stable values, because its components compensate each other.
Subject(s)
Biodiversity , Floods , Plants/classification , Rivers , Argentina , Plant DevelopmentABSTRACT
Diversity of vegetation during its recovery from a catastrophic flood of the Medium Paraná River (Argentina). River floodplains have a high biological diversity that is intensely influenced by vegetation dynamics, changes in space and time scales, and the river`s hydrological regime. The vegetation composition of the medium and lower Paraná River has been analyzed previously, with different approaches and criteria that cannot be compared. The aim of this study is to analyze the diversity of the herbaceous vegetation over long time spans, from its regeneration after a catastrophic flood to its recovery, in the North and South sites of the flooding valley of the Medium Paraná River. The first sampling of a pioneer community was performed after the 1982-83 catastrophic flood, and included the surveillance of two plots in two successive recovery stages. Floristic composition and cover-abundance of all species were recorded per plot. Floristic richness, using jackknife, Shannon and Hurlbert diversity and Simpson dominance curves were calculated for each site and for each survey, using EcoSim (software). Floristic richness was higher in the North of Medium Paraná, while dominance was higher in the South. Diversity indexes did not varied significantly and resulted in relatively stable values, because its components compensate each other. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 707-716. Epub 2010 June 02.
La diversidad florística en las planicies de inundación está ligada a la dinámica de la vegetación, por lo que su comprensión depende de las escalas espacial y temporal el régimen hidrológico del río. La planicie de inundación del Río Paraná, Argentina, tiene una alta diversidad biológica, aolo conocida a través de estudios puntuales no comparables entre si. El objetivo de esta contribución fue analizar la diversidad de la vegetación herbácea a largo plazo, desde su reinstalación después de una inundación catastrófica hasta su recuperación, en dos áreas (norte y sur) del Paraná Medio. Cuando el nivel del agua disminuyó después de la creciente catastrófica de 1982-83, se realizó el primer muestreo en una comunidad pionera, y en años posteriores, otros dos en etapas avanzadas de recuperación de la vegetación. Se registraron las especies presentes y se estimó su abundanciacobertura. Se calcularon las curvas de riqueza florística, de diversidad de Shannon y Hurlbert y de dominancia de Simpson en ambas áreas, utilizando el programa EcoSim. La riqueza florística resultó mayor en el norte del Paraná Medio, mientras que la dominancia lo fue en el sur. Los índices de diversidad no reflejan estas variaciones, pues al compensarse entre sí sus componentes, dan como resultado valores relativamente estables.
