Training physiotherapy students in basic wheelchair provision. Experiences at two universities in Colombia.

Wheelchair provision training is essential to overcome barriers related to the lack of knowledge of health professionals on this topic. Appropriate knowledge of the service provision process may lead to higher quality service and products, and thus be more likely to help people with mobility impairments achieve the fundamental human right of personal mobility. This study aimed to describe a training intervention for two groups of future physiotherapists in Colombia, assess cohort differences in performance on a knowledge test, and explore their post-training perceptions. A quantitative retrospective study with a historical, descriptive-comparative design was conducted. 525 sixth-semester participants completed the International Society of Wheelchair Professionals Wheelchair Service Provision - Basic Test online in Spanish after curriculum modifications were implemented. The test assesses knowledge in seven domains: Assessment; Prescription; Products; Fitting; User training; Follow-up, maintenance, and repairs; and Process. The training intervention was successfully implemented with Physiotherapy students from two institutions, resulting in a 57% increase in test approval rates. Participants demonstrated increased knowledge, satisfaction with the course content, and application of learning to their current work. These results suggest implications for what pedagogical approach to employ, when curricular change may be warranted, and specific considerations for the Colombian context. Furthermore, identifying the minimal knowledge basis for undergraduate programs and facilitating its dissemination can support interprofessional education and enhance professionals' capacity to support wheelchair provision services.

Developing pedagogical materials and resources should address academic needs while also being adaptable to the healthcare system and cultural and economic resources.Establishing minimal knowledge bases for physiotherapists and facilitating their dissemination to support interprofessional education are crucial steps.Sharing pedagogical experiences that improve health workforce training promotes the quality of wheelchair service provision, benefiting the functional independence and well-being of people with disabilities.The use of international resources such as the ISWP test in the training of the health workforce contributes to the standardization of the training process regardless of the context.

Neuromuscular exercise in children with Down Syndrome: a systematic review.

The effects and the prescription parameters of therapeutic exercise are not clear. For this reason, is needed to determine the effect of neuromuscular exercise on balance, muscle strength and flexibility specifying the parameters and characteristics of effective interventions in children between 6 and 12 years and adolescent between 13 and 18 years with Down Syndrome. The present study is a systematic review of effectiveness outcomes balance, muscle strength and flexibility in this population. The databases of PubMed, PEDro, EMBASE, SCIELO, Lilacs, Cochrane library were searched from May to December 2021. We recruited randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which met the inclusion criteria in our study. Ten studies were included. The interventions included mechanotherapy, vibration, and use of different unstable surfaces. The exercise frequency ranged from 3 to 5 days a week, and the duration of each session was between six and 15 min. The frequency was between two and three times a week for 6 and 12 weeks and the intensity were between 60 and 80% of maximal voluntary contraction. Neuromuscular exercise in different modes of application was associated with increases in chest and lower limb muscle strength mean 8.51, CI [2.35-14.67] kg and (21.54 [1.64, 41.43]) kg. Balance also improved when the mode of application was isokinetic training and core stability exercises (- 0.20 [- 0.29, - 0.12]) evaluated with stability index. Neuromuscular exercise appears to be effective for the improvement of both lower limb and chest muscle strength and balance in children over 8 years. No evidence was found in children under 8 years.

Therapeutic exercise to improve motor function among children with Down Syndrome aged 0 to 3 years: a systematic literature review and meta­analysis.

The effects and the prescription parameters of therapeutic exercise are not clear. For this reason, is needed to determine the effect of therapeutic exercises on the motor function of children with Down Syndrome (DS) aged 0 to 3 years. The present study is systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness outcomes in this population: gait, balance, motor development, fine motor skills, and executive functions. The databases of PubMed, PEDro, EMBASE, SCIELO, Lilacs, Cochrane library were searched from January to December 2019. We recruited Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) which met the inclusion criteria in our study. Six studies and 151 participants were included. Two types of therapeutic exercises, aerobic and neuromuscular, were identified. Both types of exercise were effective in improving outcomes. There were no differences between the modes of application of the exercise. No differences were identified between the treadmill and the physiotherapy plan for the reduction of the time to reach independent walking, Mean Difference (MD) 46.79, 95% Confidence Interval (IC) (- 32.60, 126.19), nor for the increase in walking speed MD 0.10 IC (- 0.02, 0.21) m/s. This study suggests that aerobic exercise therapy has a potentially effective role to promote the gait and motor development of children with DS aged 0 to 3 years when it is applied using a treadmill with a frequency of 5 days, a duration of 6-8 min, and an intensity of between 0.2 and 0.5 m/s. Studies with less heterogeneity and larger sample sizes are required.

[Identification of quality indicators for physiotherapy: a systematic review.] / Identificación de indicadores de calidad para fisioterapia: una revisión sistemática.

BACKGROUND: Despite the emerging role that indicators have for the evaluation of quality in physiotherapy, these have been developed mainly for other areas of health and only some are relevant and applicable for physiotherapy. The objective of this review was to identify the quality indicators (QI) described or developed in the evidence that can be used to assess the quality of the provision of physiotherapy services. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out, in the databases Embase, Web of science SciELO, LILACS and OPEN GREY, until March 2021, in search of studies published in Spanish, English and Portuguese that described the development of QI specifically for the practice of physiotherapy. The methodological quality of the indicators was evaluated using the AIRE instrument. The indicators were classified following the Donabedian model. RESULTS: 8 studies were included that described 8 sets of QIs, with a total of 199 indicators. Six of the sets were published in the Netherlands. 62.5% of the total indicators were process, mostly related to the care of patients with musculoskeletal pathologies. Of the total of studies, 37.5% achieved high quality in three domains of the AIRE instrument. CONCLUSIONS: The QI described in the evidence were designed for specific national contexts based on their own health system, have a methodological quality and are focused on evaluating the care processes of physiotherapy services mainly in patients with musculoskeletal diseases.

OBJETIVO: A pesar del papel emergente que tienen los indicadores para la evaluación de la calidad en fisioterapia, estos han sido desarrollados principalmente para otras áreas de la salud y sólo algunos son relevantes y aplicables para la fisioterapia. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar los indicadores de calidad (IC) descritos o desarrollados en la evidencia que puedan ser utilizados para evaluar la calidad en la prestación de servicios de fisioterapia. METODOS: Se realizó una revisión sistemática, en las bases de datos Embase, Web of science SciELO, LILACS y OPEN GREY, hasta Marzo del 2021, en busca de estudios publicados en español, inglés y portugués que describieron el desarrollo de IC específicamente para la práctica de fisioterapia. Se evaluó la calidad metodológica de los indicadores por medio del instrumento AIRE. Se clasificaron los indicadores siguiendo el modelo de Donabedian. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 8 estudios que describieron 8 conjuntos de IC, con un total de 199 indicadores. Seis de los conjuntos fueron publicados en países bajos. El 62,5% del total de los indicadores eran de proceso, relacionados en su gran mayoría con la atención de pacientes con patologías musculoesqueléticas. Del total de estudios, el 37,5% alcanzó una alta calidad en tres dominios del instrumento AIRE. CONCLUSIONES: Los IC descritos en la evidencia fueron diseñados para contextos nacionales específicos basados en su propio sistema de salud, tienen una baja calidad metodológica y están concentrados en evaluar los procesos de atención de los servicios de fisioterapia principalmente en pacientes con enfermedades musculoesqueléticas.

Identificación de indicadores de calidad para fisioterapia: una revisión sistemática / Identification of quality indicators for physiotherapy: a systematic review

Fundamentos: A pesar del papel emergente que tienen los indicadores para la evaluación de la calidad en fisioterapia, estos han sido desarrollados principalmente para otras áreas de la salud y sólo algunos son relevantes y aplicables para la fisioterapia. El objetivo de esta revisión fue identificar los indicadores de calidad (IC) descritos o desarrollados en la evidencia que puedan ser utilizados para evaluar la calidad en la prestación de servicios de fisioterapia. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática, en las bases de datos Embase, Web of science SciELO, LILACS y OPEN GREY, hasta Marzo del 2021, en busca de estudios publicados en español, inglés y portugués que describieron el desarrollo de IC específicamente para la práctica de fisioterapia. Se evaluó la calidad metodológica de los indicadores por medio del instrumento AIRE. Se clasificaron los indicadores siguiendo el modelo de Donabedian. Resultados: Se incluyeron 8 estudios que describieron 8 conjuntos de IC, con un total de 199 indicadores. Seis de los conjuntos fueron publicados en países bajos. El 62,5% del total de los indicadores eran de proceso, relacionados en su gran mayoría con la atención de pacientes con patologías musculoesqueléticas. Del total de estudios, el 37,5% alcanzó una alta calidad en tres dominios del instrumento AIRE. Conclusiones: Los IC descritos en la evidencia fueron diseñados para contextos nacionales específicos basados en su propio sistema de salud, tienen una baja calidad metodológica y están concentrados en evaluar los procesos de atención de los servicios de fisioterapia principalmente en pacientes con enfermedades musculoesqueléticas.(AU)

Background: Despite the emerging role that indicators have for the evaluation of quality in physiotherapy, these have been developed mainly for other areas of health and only some are relevant and applicable for physiotherapy. The objective of this review was to identifythe quality indicators (QI) described or developed in the evidence that can be used to assess the quality of the provision of physiotherapy services. Methods: A systematic review was carried out, in the databases Embase, Web of science SciELO, LILACS and OPEN GREY, until March 2021, in search of studies published in Spanish, English and Portuguese that describedthe development of QI specifically for the practice of physiotherapy. The methodological quality of the indicatorswas evaluated using the AIRE instrument. The indicators were classified following the Donabedian model. Results: 8 studies were included that described 8 sets of QIs, with a total of 199 indicators. Six of the sets were published in the Netherlands. 62.5% of the total indicators were process, mostly related to the care of patientswith musculoskeletal pathologies. Of the total of studies, 37.5% achieved high quality in three domains of the AIRE instrument. Conclusions: The QI described in the evidence were designed for specific national contexts based on their own health system, have a methodological quality and are focused on evaluating the care processes of physiotherapyservices mainly in patients with musculoskeletal diseases.(AU)

Validación del BESTest en población de adultos mayores colombianos / Validation of the BESTestest in a population of older Colombian adults

Introducción. El envejecimiento y las comorbilidades afectan la cognición y el sistema sensoriomotor de las personas. La pérdida de equilibrio es una de las principales causas de caídas en adultos mayores, por lo que monitorear su desempeño funcional es importante. El sistema de evaluación de equilibrio identifica factores de riesgo para caídas. Objetivos. Identificar las propiedades psicométricas de validez y confiabilidad entre evaluadores y estimar el valor de corte óptimo del BESTest para así diferenciar entre adultos que tienen o no riesgo de caídas. Métodos. Estudio observacional de validez y confiabilidad en el que participaron 221 adultos de entre 50 y 80 años capaces de caminar, con o sin dispositivo de asistencia, de forma independiente durante seis metros y de realizar tareas de equilibrio sin fatiga. Se indagaron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos e historial de caídas. Resultados. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre el sistema de equilibrio con la escala de confianza en las actividades cotidianas (r=0,47, p<0,01), una consistencia interna adecuada para la prueba en general (alfa de Cronbach de 0,90), una sensibilidad del 78% y una especificidad del 66%. El área bajo la curva fue de 0,76, con una discriminación aceptable, es decir, se estableció que las personas que obtienen un puntaje <80 en la prueba tienen alto riesgo de caídas. Conclusiones. El sistema de equilibrio cuenta con buenas propiedades psicométricas que permiten su aplicación confiable en población colombiana. La prueba aporta a la toma de decisiones clínicas gracias a que discrimina el riesgo de caída y el perfil funcional del adulto.

Introduction. Aging and comorbidities affect cognition and the sensorimotor system of individuals. Loss of balance is one of the main causes of falls in older adults, so monitoring their functional performance is important. The balance assessment system identifies risk factors for falls. Objectives. To identify the psychometric properties of validity and inter-rater reliability and to estimate the optimal cut-off value of the BESTest in order to differentiate between adults who are or are not at risk for falls. Methods. Observational validity and reliability study involving 221 adults aged 50 to 80 years able to walk, with or without an assistive device, independently for six meters and to perform balance tasks without fatigue. Sociodemographic and clinical data and history of falls were investigated. Results. We found a significant correlation between the balance system with the confidence in activities of daily living scale (r=0.47, p<0.01), adequate internal consistency for the test overall (Cronbach's alpha of 0.90), sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 66%. The area under the curve was 0.76, with acceptable discrimination, i.e., it was established that persons scoring <80 on the test are at high risk of falls. Conclusions. The balance system has good psychometric properties that allow its reliable application in the Colombian population. The test contributes to clinical decision making because it discriminates the risk of falling and the functional profile of the adult.

Exploración del constructo calidad de vida relacionado con la salud en niños, niñas y adolescentes con síndrome de Down / Exploration of the health-related quality of life construct in children and adolescents with Down syndrome

El constructo de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) en niños, niñas y adolescentes con síndrome de Down no ha sido definido, así como tampoco existen instrumentos para evaluarlo. De esta forma, el objetivo del presente estudio es explorar este constructo en niños, niñas, adolescentes con síndrome de Down, y en sus padres y cuidadores, para establecer las bases conceptuales de un instrumento de evaluación. Se realizó una revisión de información y evidencia relacionada con calidad de vida en páginas web de organizacio- nes de todo el mundo y en bases de datos científicas, con lo cual se logró una aproximación al constructo de CVRS. Se realizaron siete entrevistas y dos grupos focales con niños, niñas y adolescentes con síndrome de Down y cuatro entrevistas y tres grupos focales con padres y cuidadores. Con base en la metodología desarrollada, emergieron las categorías de capacidad física, funcional, psicológica y social.

The construct of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with Down syndrome has not been defined, nor are there any instruments to assess it. Thus, the aim of the present study is to explore this construct in children and adolescents with Down syndrome, and in their parents and caregivers, in order to establish the conceptual basis for an assessment instrument. A review of information and evidence related to quality of life was carried out in web pages of organizations from all over the world and in scientific databases, with which an approximation to the HRQoL construct was achieved. Seven interviews and two focus groups were conducted with children and adolescents with Down syndrome and four interviews and three focus groups with parents and caregivers. Based on the methodology developed, the categories of physical, functional, psychological and social capacity emerged.

Undergraduate physiotherapy students' basic wheelchair provision knowledge: a pilot study in two universities in Colombia.

Purpose: Access to an appropriate wheelchair is a human right. Only between 5-15% of people who need a wheelchair have access to one. One of the key barriers to access is the lack of appropriately trained rehabilitation professionals. The objective of this study was to evaluate basic manual wheelchair provision knowledge in final-year physiotherapy undergraduate students in two programs in Colombia.Materials and methods: Students took the International Society of Wheelchair Professionals Wheelchair Service Provision - Basic Test which was administered online and in Spanish. The minimum score to pass the test is 70%; it assesses seven domains: Assessment; Prescription; Products; Fitting; User training; Follow-up, maintenance, and repairs; and Process.Results and conclusions: One-hundred sixteen students took the test and no one passed the test. The highest median domain scores were in Assessment and Process while the lowest were in Fitting and Products. The limitations of this study include that this sample does not represent all physiotherapy programmes or students in Colombia, there may be potential errors in the Spanish translation of the outcome measure, and students encountered Internet connectivity issues during the test that may have impacted their scores. Immediate interventions are required to improve teaching and students' learning outcomes related to basic manual wheelchair provision in these two programs. This study may serve as a foundation for future regional or national studies that assess the situation of wheelchair provision training in rehabilitation programs that will inform improvement actions. This manuscript is also available in Spanish as Supplemental Material.Implications for rehabilitationThis study indicates that students' current knowledge on basic appropriate manual wheelchair provision from two physiotherapy programs in Colombia is insufficient. Students' knowledge does not align with the minimum guidelines recommended for wheelchair service provision by the World Health Organization.Objectively identifying the gap in knowledge in rehabilitation trainees (i.e., physiotherapy students) is a strategy to promote the inclusion of assistive technology related content in formal academic training.The need to include formal training of appropriate wheelchair provision persists and without this training, people with disabilities who require a wheelchair for mobility will continue to face barriers to full participation in society.

Validity and reproducibility of a tool for assessing clinical competencies in physical therapy students.

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of competencies in the clinical field is essential for health professionals, as it allows the acquisition of these competencies to be tracked. The objective of this study was to create and evaluate the validity and reliability of a tool for measuring clinical competencies in physical therapy (PT) students to assess the quality of their performance in a professional context. METHODS: A descriptive study was designed. The Measurement Tool for Clinical Competencies in PT (MTCCP) was developed based on the evaluation of 39 experts: 15 clinicians and 24 instructors. The content validity was evaluated using the Content Validity Index (CVI). Three professors were invited to apply the tool to 10 students. Cronbach's alpha, exploratory factor analysis, and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used to determine the reliability and validity of the scale. RESULTS: The CVI was positive-higher than 0.8. Principal component analysis confirmed the construct validity of the tool for two main factors: clinical reasoning (first factor) and professional behavior (second factor). With regard to reliability, the MTCCP achieved an internal congruence of 0.982. The inter-evaluator reproducibility for clinical reasoning, professional behavior, and the total MTCCP score was almost perfect; the ICCs were 0.984, 0.930, and 0.983, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The MTCCP is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the performance of PT students in hospital settings and can be used to determine what skills students feel less confident using and what additional training/learning opportunities could be provided. Further research is needed to determine whether the MTCCP has similar validity and reproducibility in other Spanish-speaking national and international PT programs.

Adaptación transcultural al castellano del sistema de evaluación del equilibrio (BESTest) en adultos mayores / Transcultural adaptation to the Spanish language of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) in older adults

Introducción. El riesgo de caídas en adultos mayores se incrementa a consecuencia de la disminución de la fuerza, la flexibilidad, el equilibrio y los cambios sensoriales, que afectan a la funcionalidad y la calidad de vida. Por tal razón se hace necesario un sistema integral de evaluación del equilibrio con fines preventivos o para intervenciones terapéuticas tempranas. Objetivo. Presentar los resultados del proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural del sistema de evaluación del equilibrio (BESTest) al castellano. Sujetos y métodos. Se tradujo al castellano la versión original del BESTest, siguiendo el proceso de retrotraducción y adaptación cultural y teniendo en cuenta las equivalencias semánticas, idiomáticas, conceptual y experiencial. Posteriormente, la versión fue revisada por un panel de expertos que calificó la claridad, la coherencia, la pertinencia y la suficiencia. En la prueba piloto participaron 32 adultos de 50-80 años. Resultados. Se realizó la traducción completa del instrumento y de las instrucciones para el sujeto y para el evaluador. La mayoría de ítems de la prueba alcanzaron la puntuación máxima de 4 (100%), nueve ítems lograron una calificación media de 3,9 (99%); un ítem, una calificación media de 3,8 (95%), y dos ítems, una calificación media de 3,7 (92,5%). Conclusiones. Con este estudio, la comunidad de habla hispana cuenta con un instrumento pertinente, suficiente, coherente y claro para identificar el sistema del equilibrio afectado, enfocar el tratamiento y obtener mejores resultados funcionales a partir de la evaluación del equilibrio en adultos mayores

Introduction. The risk of falls in older adults increases because of the decrease in strength, flexibility, balance and sensory changes affecting functionality and quality of life. For this reason, an integral system of evaluation of equilibrium is necessary, for preventive purposes or for early therapeutic interventions. Aim. To present the results of the transcultural translation and adaptation process of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to Spanish language. Subjects and methods. The original version of the BESTest was translated into Spanish, following the process of retrotraduction and cultural adaptation considering the semantic, idiomatic, conceptual and experiential equivalences. Subsequently the version was reviewed by a panel of experts qualifying clarity, coherence, relevance and sufficiency. The pilot test included 32 adults between 50 and 80 years old. Results. It was possible to carry out the complete translation of the instrument, the instructions for the subject and for the evaluator. Most items of the test reached the maximum score of 4.0 (100%), nine items achieved an average score of 3.9 (99%), one item got an average score of 3.8 (95%) and two items achieved an average score of 3.7 (92.5%). Conclusions. With this study the Spanish speakers community has a pertinent sufficient, coherent and clear instrument in order to identify the control postural system altered to focus treatment and to get better functional outcomes from balance evaluation in older adults

Entrenamiento motor en el continuo de la realidad a la virtualidad / Motor Training from reality to virtuality

Resumen Introducción. La trasformación de la capacidad de movimiento de las personas es un reto que el fisioterapeuta asume como estrategia de aprendizaje motor. Objetivo. Plantear los referentes teóricos y prácticos más relevantes en el uso de ambientes terapéuticos en el continuo de la realidad a la virtualidad en el entrenamiento motor de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular y enfermedad de Parkinson. Materiales y métodos. Revisión de la literatura que analiza y aporta de manera conceptual, en el área de la rehabilitación y la fisioterapia, información sobre entrenamiento y aprendizaje motor. Resultados. Se evidencia potencial en el uso de la realidad virtual para la rehabilitación de alteraciones del movimiento debidas a disfunciones neurológicas. Las herramientas tecnológicas propias de la realidad virtual permiten un mayor conocimiento de los resultados con respecto a las características del movimiento, lo cual ayuda a mejorar el aprendizaje motor, en comparación con el entrenamiento tradicional. Conclusiones. Se debe objetivar el proceso de rehabilitación para medir con precisión los cambios de las estrategias de aprendizaje en las capacidades de movimiento de personas con deficiencias del sistema neuromuscular y generar evidencia del impacto que tienen los programas de entrenamiento motor en el continuo de la realidad a la virtualidad.

Abstract Introduction: The transformation of people's movement capacity is a challenge that physiotherapists address as a motor learning strategy. Objective: To gather the most relevant theoretical and practical references on the use of therapeutic environments in the reality-virtuality continuum regarding motor training in stroke and Parkinson's patients. Materials and methods: Literature review that analyzes and contributes conceptual information on training and motor learning in the field of rehabilitation and physiotherapy. Results: The potential of the use of virtual reality in movement disorder rehabilitation processes due to neurological dysfunctions is observed. The technological tools for virtual reality allow a better understanding of the results with respect to the characteristics of the movement, which helps to improve motor learning in comparison with traditional training. Conclusions: It is necessary to objectify the rehabilitation process to accurately measure the changes generated by learning strategies in the movement abilities of patients with neuromuscular system disorders in order to obtain evidence of the impact that motor training programs have on the reality-virtuality continuum.

Función motora en adultos que viven con VIH / Motor function in adults living with HIV

Resumen Introducción. El VIH/sida es un problema de salud pública mundial que requiere de la identificación de estrategias para mejorar las condiciones funcionales de las personas que presentan esta condición. Objetivo. Caracterizar la función motora de individuos que viven con VIH en una población de Bogotá D.C. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo trasversal en el que participaron personas que viven con VIH y son atendidas por un programa de atención integral. Se evaluaron variables clínicas, composición corporal, fuerza de agarre, equilibrio dinámico y capacidad aeróbica. Se analizaron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos con sus medias y desviaciones estándar. Resultados. Participaron 30 pacientes, 77% hombres con valores promedio de edad de 54 años, peso corporal de 68kg y talla de 165cm. Todos los pacientes estaban recibiendo terapia antirretroviral por tiempo >15 años. Se encontró déficit sensorial, debilidad en la fuerza de agarre y buena capacidad aeróbica. Conclusiones. Conocer las características de la función motora a partir de la capacidad sensorial, el equilibrio, la fuerza muscular y la composición corporal permite diseñar estrategias específicas que regulen el deterioro funcional que pueden tener las personas que viven con VIH/sida en el proceso de envejecimiento.

Abstract Introduction: HIV/AIDS is a major global public health issue that requires identifying strategies to improve the functional conditions of people living with this condition. Objective: To characterize the motor function of individuals living with HIV in Bogotá D.C, Colombia. Materials and methods: Transversal descriptive study involving people living with HIV and enrolled in a comprehensive care program. Clinical variables, body composition, grip strength, dynamic balance and aerobic capacity were assessed. Sociodemographic and clinical data were analyzed to obtain means and standard deviations. Results: Thirty patients were included in the study, of which 77% were males with an average age of 54 years, body weight of 68kg, and height of 165cm. All patients had received antiretroviral therapy for >15 years. Sensory deficit, weak grip strength and good aerobic capacity were observed. Conclusions: Knowing the characteristics of motor function, including sensory capacity, balance, muscle strength and body composition, allows designing specific strategies to regulate the functional impairment that people living with HIV/AIDS may develop during the aging process.

Gestión del conocimiento: experiencias de instituciones académicas y hospitalarias / Knowledge Management: Experiences in Academic and Clinic Environments / Formas de gestão do conhecimento: experiências de instituições acadêmicas e hospitalares na Colômbia

En este artículo se describen las prácticas de gestión del conocimiento asociadas a la investigación clínica, de algunas instituciones hospitalarias y académicas en Colombia. Se presenta el perfil de dichas instituciones y las variables que intervienen en la gestión del conocimiento y de la investigación en estos contextos particulares. Objetivo: Explorar las prácticas que algunas instituciones hospitalarias y académicas en Colombia realizan para construir o consolidar su capacidad para la investigación clínica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio, que consultó a una muestra por conveniencia, sobre el uso de prácticas específicas relacionadas con la gestión del conocimiento y de la investigación. Incluye un análisis documental sobre el constructo de gestión del conocimiento. La información se obtuvo de fuentes primarias, mediante la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas a actores clave. Resultados: Los hallazgos evidencian que, en las instituciones participantes en este estudio, la estructura organizacional y su direccionamiento estratégico orientado a la investigación, el capital intelectual del recurso humano vinculado, la dotación y la disponibilidad de recursos tecnológicos, y la sostenibilidad de los procesos, son factores determinantes en el proceso de desarrollo de la capacidad institucional para la gestión del conocimiento y constituyen la base fundamental para los procesos de certificación de su calidad. Conclusión: Involucrar procesos investigativos en instituciones de prestación de servicios es fundamental para mejorar la calidad de la atención en salud e incentivar su capital intelectual. Colombia cuenta con instituciones que le apuestan, en forma decidida, a la generación de conocimiento a partir de la práctica clínica.

This article describes the knowledge management practices derived from clinical research, and some hospitals and academic institutions in Colombia. The profile of these institutions and the variables involved in knowledge management and research are presented. Objective: Exploring the practices that some Colombian institutions have to build or strengthen their capacity to conduct clinical research. Materials and methods: We conducted an exploratory study by consulting a convenience sample, the use of specific practices in knowledge management. In a documentary analysis on knowledge management. The information was obtained of primary sources by semi-structured interview applied to selected key players. Results: In the institutions that participated in the study, it was observed as determinants in knowledge management: structure and strategic management, intellectual capital, technological resources, and the continuity and sustainability of the processes. Conclusion: Include research processes in services delivery institutions is critical to improving the quality of health care and encourage their intellectual capital. Colombia has institutions working with determination to the generation of knowledge from clinical practice.

Aqui se descrevem as práticas de gestão de conhecimento associadas à pesquisa clínica, de algumas instituições hospitalares e acadêmicas na Colômbia. Apresenta-se o perfil de ditas instituições e as variáveis que intervêm na gestão do conhecimento e da pesquisa nestes contextos particulares. Objetivo: explorar as práticas que algumas instituições hospitalares e acadêmicas na Colômbia realizam para construir ou consolidar sua capacidade para a pesquisa clínica. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo descritivo exploratório, que consultou a uma amostra por conveniência, sobre o uso de práticas específicas relacionadas com a gestão do conhecimento e da pesquisa. Inclui uma análise documental sobre o construto de gestão de conhecimento. A informação obteve-se de fontes primárias, mediante a aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas a atores chave. Resultados: as descobertas evidenciam que nas instituições participantes neste estudo, a estrutura organizacional e seu direcionamento estratégico orientado à pesquisa, o capital intelectual do recurso humano vinculado, a dotação e disponibilidade de recursos tecnológicos, e a sustentabilidade dos processos, são fatores determinantes no processo de desenvolvimento da capacidade institucional para a gestão do conhecimento e, constituem a base fundamental para os processos de certificação de sua qualidade. Conclusão: envolver processos investigativos em instituições de prestação de serviços é fundamental para melhorar a qualidade da atenção em saúde e incentivar seu capital intelectual. A Colômbia conta com instituições que lhe apostam, de forma decidida, à geração de conhecimento a partir da prática clínica.

Análisis de la producción de literatura científica en las áreas de investigación clínica en Fisioterapia entre los años 2005 y 2009 / Analysis of the production of scientific literature in clinical research areas in Physiotherapy between 2005 and 2009 / Analise da produção da literatura científica nas áreas da pesquisa clínica na Fisioterapia, para os anos 2005 e 2009

Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento de la investigación clínica en Fisioterapia mediante el análisis de la producción de literatura científica en un período de cinco años, con el fin de identificar áreas de concentración y dispersión, cooperación para la investigación y tipos de estudios clínicos que se han conducido. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo analítico sobre las publicaciones registradas en Medline/PubMed entre los años 2005-2009. Se incluyó un total de 404 publicaciones, entre ensayos clínicos y estudios epidemiológicos secundarios, analizados en función de la distribución porcentual de artículos por área clínica, año de publicación y afiliación institucional de los investigadores. Resultados: se halló un mayor número de estudios clínicos (93%). Las revisiones sistemáticas representaron el mayor número de los estudios epidemiológicos secundarios. Las áreas clínicas pulmonar y cardiovascular concentran un 65% de las publicaciones científicas en los estudios analizados. El año que registró el mayor número de publicaciones fue 2008. La mitad de la investigación clínica producida en este quinquenio está afiliada a instituciones universitarias. Conclusiones: las publicaciones sobre investigación clínica en Fisioterapia indexadas en Medline/ PubMed indican una actividad sostenida de la producción científica en las áreas pulmonar y cardiovascular, consecuente con las grandes preocupaciones en materia de salud en el ámbito mundial. Los hallazgos sugieren que la capacidad de los fisioterapeutas para realizar investigación de calidad, usar y transferir sus resultados en la práctica clínica debe alcanzar mayores desarrollos.

Objective: characterize the behavior of clinical research in Physiotherapy, through the analysis of the production of scientific literature in a period of five years in order to identify areas of concentration and dispersion, collaborative research and types of clinical studies have conducted. Methods and materials: descriptive study on the papers in Medline/PubMed from 2005-2009. Were considered a total 404 publications, clinical trials and epidemiological studies side, analyzed according to the percentage distribution of articles by clinical area, year of publication, and institutional affiliation of researchers. Results: It found a greater number of trials (93%) systematic reviews represented the greatest number of epidemiological studies side. The clinical areas pulmonary and cardiovascular account for 65% of scientific publications in the studies analyzed. The year with highest number of publications was 2008. Half of the clinical research produced in this five-year have affiliation with academic institutions, and secondly, studies conducted in hospitals. Conclusions: the clinical research publications in Physiotherapy in Medline/PubMed registered show sustained activity of scientific production in the pulmonary and cardiovascular areas, consistent with the major health concerns in the world. The findings suggest that the ability of physiotherapists to develop quality research, use and transfer of results into clinical practice should achieve greater development.

Objetivo: caracterizar o comportamento da pesquisa clínica na Fisioterapia, através da analise da produção da literatura científica num período de cinco anos, a fim de identificar áreas de concentração e dispersão, cooperação para pesquisar cooperativamente os tipos de estudos clínicos conduzidos. Materiais e métodos: estudo descriptivo das publicações cadastradas na Medline/PubMed nos anos 2005-2009. Foram considerados em total 404 publicações, que tinham ensaios clínicos e estudos epidemiológicos, analisados de acordo com a distribuição percentual dos artigos pela área clínica, ano da publicação e filiação institucional dos pesquisadores. Resultados: maior número de estudos clínicos (93%); as revisiones sistemáticas tiveram grande número dos estudos epidemiológicos secundarios. As áreas clínicas pulmonar e cardiovascular foram responsáveis do 65% das publicações científicas nos estudos analisados. O ano com maior número de publicaciones foi 2008. Metade da pesquisa clínica gerada nestes últimos quinze anos tiveram filiação com as instituições universitarias. Conclusões: as publicações de pesquisa clínica na Fisioterapia catastradas em Medline/PubMed mostram atividade sustentada da produção cientifica nas áreas pulmonar e cardiovascular, consistente com as preocupações de saúde no mundo. As descobertas sugerem que a capacidade dos fisioterapeutas para desenvolver pesquisa de qualidade e fazer trasferencia dos resultados na practica clinica tem que ser desenvolvida.

El capital social de la comunidad científica / The social capital of the scientific community

La utilidad del conocimiento está en la manera como la sociedad se beneficia de él, por esto los académicos buscan divulgar los resultados de sus reflexiones y proyectos de investigación. Socializar el conocimiento es un pretexto para construir comunidad académica, de ahí que las revistas científicas se convierten en un instrumento que contribuye con este propósito. La construcción de comunidades académicas congrega las capacidades técnicas, científicas y humanas de los individuos que las conforman para hacer posible el desarrollo social. La formación y el desempeño de los profesionales de la salud requiere conocer y actuar en consecuencia con el compromiso que tenemos con el desarrollo, al ser parte de comunidades generadoras de capital social. Para esto es preciso recordar el significado de este compromiso. En las últimas décadas el concepto de capital social se incluye en los procesos de desarrollo. Este concepto gira alrededor de factores intangibles como los valores, las normas y las actitudes de confianza, e incluso las redes sociales que facilitan la coordinación y cooperación para lograr propósitos conjuntos. La CEPAL entiende el concepto como "el conjunto de normas, instituciones y organizaciones que promueven la confianza y la cooperación entre las personas, las comunidades y la sociedad en su conjunto"

The usefulness of knowledge lies in the way society benefits from it, which is why academics seek to disseminate the results of their reflections and research projects. Socializing knowledge is a pretext to build academic community, hence scientific journals become an instrument that contributes to this purpose. The construction of academic communities brings together the technical, scientific and human capacities of the individuals who make them up to make social development possible. The training and performance of health professionals requires knowing and acting accordingly with the commitment we have to development, being part of communities that generate social capital. For this, it is necessary to remember the meaning of this commitment. In recent decades, the concept of social capital has been included in development processes. This concept revolves around intangible factors such as values, norms and attitudes of trust, and even social networks that facilitate coordination and cooperation to achieve joint purposes. ECLAC understands the concept as "the set of norms, institutions and organizations that promote trust and cooperation among individuals, communities and society as a whole."

Inventario de hábitos de estudio en una clase para toma de decisiones de estudiantes de fisioterapia / Study habits inventory of physical therapy students in a decisions making class

Objetivo. Presentar los resultados de la prueba Inventario de Hábitos de Estudio (IHE) administrada a estudiantes de la asignatura Toma de Decisiones IV, del Programa de Fisioterapia de la Universidad del Rosario. Metodología. En el segundo semestre de 2006 se indagó por los hábitos de estudio y las condiciones que influyen en la forma como los estudiantes de la asignatura asumen su actividad universitaria. El instrumento utilizado fue el Inventario de Hábitos de Estudio (IHE), descrito por Pozar, el cual permite conocer la manera como el alumno involucra en su estudio los materiales, el ambiente y la planeación de las actividades que realiza en su rol universitario. La muestra estuvo constituida por 46 de los 54 estudiantes inscritos en la asignatura, correspondiente al 85% de la población total. Resultados. El 33% de los estudiantes encuentra que los factores ambientales de estudio no son satisfactorios para el proceso de aprendizaje; el 41% manifiesta que la planificación del estudio es insuficiente; el 61% de los estudiantes valora la utilización de materiales como un factor positivo; el 93% evalúa positivamente la asimilación de contenidos, lo cual valida la necesidad de confrontar el sentido y significado que tiene para estudiantes y profesores "la asimilación de contenidos", por cuanto el estudio muestra que es inversa al desempeño académico. Conclusión. Se hace necesario implementar estrategias que fortalezcan los hábitos en los estudiantes considerando las condiciones particulares de cada grupo de estudiantes, a fin de conseguir el éxito académico y de formación personal.

Objective. To present the results of Study Habits Inventory, administered to students of the signature Decision Making IV, of Physiotherapy Program of the Rosario University. Methodology. It was investigated in the second half of 2006, study habits and conditions that influence how students of the subject assumes its university activity. The instrument used was the Inventory of Study Habits - described by Pozar, which let to know how the student engages in his studio, materials, environment and planning in its efforts to exercise their academic role. It was administered to a sample of 46 students enrolled in the 54 subjects at 85% of the total population. Results. 33% of students found that the environmental study is not satisfactory to the learning process, similar to the 41% who said that the planning study is insufficient, the use of materials was evaluated by 61% of students as a positive factor as well as 93% in the category of assimilation of content. This calls to validate the need to confront the meaning and significance for students and professors "content assimilation" as the study shows that it is reverse to academic performance. Conclusion. It is necessary to implement strategies that strengthen habits in students to achieve academic success and personal training considering the particular conditions of each group of students.

El profesor universitario, un agente de desarrollo moral / The High Education Teacher, an Agent of Moral Development

El artículo plantea una reflexión sobre la manera como el aula de clase constituye un escenario que dinamiza el desarrollo moral, a partir de la interacción entre estudiantes y profesores, en el ambiente universitario. Propone elementos para llevar a la práctica la formación ética como un transversal curricular. Asume la ética, desde una perspectiva plural, fundada en el conocimiento y la acción humana. Vincula la formación integral con las concepciones de educación, currículo, modelos pedagógicos y metodologías de enseñanza. Propone acciones para evidenciar el compromiso del profesor con la formación integral. Concluye que el profesor es agente de desarrollo moral y que en el aula de clase se construye identidad, autonomía y responsabilidad, a partir de una relación abierta y plural, entre profesores y estudiantes y entre éstos y el conocimiento.

The article shows the classroom like an workplace to move moral development, from the relationship between students and professors in the university atmosphere. It proposes elements to take to the practice the ethics education a transverse curriculum line. It assumes the ethics, from a plural perspective, founded on the knowledge and the human action. It joins the integral formation with the conceptions of education, curriculum, pedagogical models and methodologies of education. It proposes actions to demonstrate the commitment of the professor with the integral formation. Finally, concludes that the professor is agent of moral development and that in the classroom is constructed: identity, autonomy and responsibility, from open and plural relation between professors and students and between these and the knowledge.