ABSTRACT
Sex workers (SW) are subject to social judgment and the associated attitudes, ranging from admiration to contempt. The presence of stereotypical attitudes toward SW is common and can be analyzed using the Stereotype Content Model (SCM), where the concepts of warmth and competence play a central role. The interweaving of both dimensions allows the identification of four emotions and corresponding political positions toward SW: admiration (non-interventionism), pity (abolitionism), contempt (prohibitionism), and fear (regulationism). From the SCM framework, this study offers the construction, validation and performance of a 25-item scale with a snowball sample of 1,543 participants residing in Spanish-speaking countries. The four-factor hypothesized model yielded adequate values. Internal consistency was sufficient on all factors, as was model-based reliability and convergent validity. The scale also showed measurement invariance between gender and age groups, suggesting that the measure is interpreted in a conceptually similar manner by respondents representing different genders or ages. Further analysis revealed that male participants scored significantly higher on admiration. Baby boomers showed less pity and contempt while Millennials showed more fear and less admiration. SW and those who know or work with SW showed less fear and pity and more admiration. The SCM and the process of developing social judgments offer us a way to understand the differences that underlie irreconcilable policy positions. Overcoming these differences requires mutual understanding from scientific frameworks instead of from ideological perspectives.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo Identificar cuál ha sido la evolución de los principios éticos delineados para la investigación biomédica. Materiales y Métodos Se desarrolló una revisión integradora de la literatura en las bases de datos Medline, SciELO y Google Scholar usando los descriptores ciencia OR investigación, conjuntados por el operador AND con el descriptor ética. Resultados El análisis de los trabajos seleccionados permitió identificar como resultado cinco temáticas predominantes que muestran la vigencia del análisis de los principios éticos a la luz de una realidad cambiante. Conclusión Las presiones crecientes para desarrollar estudios de investigación en el ámbito académico y de salud requieren fortalecer los principios éticos para evitar que el dominio del conocimiento se acompañe de un cúmulo importante de desigualdades, exclusiones y luchas sociales que lleve a crear un modelo basado exclusivamente en las exigencias de la economía del conocimiento.
Summary Objective To identify the evolution of the ethical principles outlined for biomedical research. Material and methods A narrative review of the literature was developed in the Medline, SciELO and Google Scholar databases using the science OR research descriptors, combined by the operator AND with the ethical descriptor. Results The analysis of the selected works allowed us to identify five predominant themes that show the validity of the analysis of ethical principles in the light of a changing reality. Conclusion Growing pressures to develop research studies in the academic and health field require strengthening the ethical principles to avoid that the domain of knowledge is accompanied by an important accumulation of inequalities, exclusions and social struggles leading to the create a model based on exclusively in the demands of the knowledge economy.
Sumário Objetivo Identificar a evolução dos princípios éticos delineados para a pesquisa biomédica. Materiais e Métodos Foi desenvolvida uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados Medline, SciELO e Google Scholar, utilizando os descritores de pesquisa science OR, combinados pelo operador AND com o descritor ético. Resultados A análise dos trabalhos selecionados permitiu identificar como resultado cinco temas predominantes que mostram a validade da análise dos princípios éticos à luz de uma realidade em mudança. Conclusão As crescentes pressões para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas na área acadêmica e de saúde exigem o fortalecimento dos princípios éticos para impedir que o domínio do conhecimento seja acompanhado por um importante acúmulo de desigualdades, exclusões e lutas sociais que levam à criação de um modelo de base exclusiva. nas demandas da economia do conhecimento.
Résumé Objectif Identifier l'évolution des principes éthiques applicables á la recherche biomédicale. Matériels et méthodes Une revue intégrative de la littérature dans les bases de données Medline, SciELO et Google Scholar a été réalisée á partir des descripteurs "science" OR "recherche", combinés par l'opérateur AND avec le descripteur "éthique". Résultats L'analyse des publications sélectionnées a permis d'identifier cinq thémes prédominants qui montrent la validité de l'analyse des principes éthiques á la lumiére d'une réalité changeante. Conclusion Les pressions croissantes en faveur du développement de la recherche dans le domaine académique et de la santé requiert le renforcement des principes éthiques afin d'éviter que le champ de la connaissance ne s'accompagne d'une accumulation importante d'inégalités, d'exclusions et de luttes sociales conduisant á la création d'un modéle basé exclusivement sur les exigences de l'économie du savoir.
