ABSTRACT
The claim that people with dyslexia are more creative than people without this learning disorder is widespread. But the complexity of creativity and the way it is measured means that this statement is sometimes inconsistent. The aim of this review is, on the one hand, to explore the relationship between dyslexia and creativity, as well as to analyze the categories of divergent thinking: fluency, originality, abstractness, elaboration, and flexibility. On the other hand, it also aims to identify moderators that may be influencing this relationship, such as age, country, or the test used. We retrieved 13 empirical studies that provided 39 effect sizes. The results show that there are no significant differences between people with and without dyslexia in terms of creativity when considering the construct as a whole. However, a significant relationship between the two constructs is observed when analyzing the categories of divergent thinking isolated.(AU)
La afirmación de que las personas con dislexia son más creativas que las personas sin este trastorno específico del aprendizaje está muy extendida. Pero la complejidad del constructo de creatividad y la forma en que esta se mide, hace que esta afirmación sea contradictoria. El objetivo de esta revisión es doble; por un lado, pretende explorar la relación entre dislexia y creatividad, así como analizar las categorías del pensamiento divergente: fluidez, originalidad, abstracción, elaboración y flexibilidad; por otro, pretende identificar moderadores que puedan estar influyendo en esta relación, como la edad, el país o la prueba utilizada. Se recuperaron trece estudios empíricos, con un total de 39 tamaños de efecto. Los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias significativas en cuanto a la creatividad entre personas con dislexia y sin ella cuando se considera el constructo como un todo. Sin embargo, se observa una relación significativa entre ambos al analizar las categorías de pensamiento divergente de forma aislada.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dyslexia , Child Development , Creativity , Learning Disabilities , Psychology, Child , Psychology, EducationalABSTRACT
Cognitive control refers to the ability to adjust strategy use based on the demands of a current context or task. Recent research using attentional filtering tasks has shown that cognitive control can adapt rapidly and automatically in accord with learning that is specific to particular tasks, items, and contexts (Crump, Gong, & Milliken, 2006; Fernandez-Duque & Knight, 2008; Jacoby, Lindsay, & Hessels, 2003). However, the role of context-specific control has not been investigated in detail in spatial orienting tasks. In a series of three experiments, the proportion of validly cued trials in an exogenous spatial cueing task was manipulated for one context but not for another context, with the two contexts intermixed randomly across trials. The results revealed that spatial/temporal contextual cues in conjunction, but not individually, produced context-specific control over spatial orienting.
Subject(s)
Awareness/physiology , Cues , Executive Function/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Space Perception/physiology , Adult , Humans , Young AdultABSTRACT
The efficiency with which the brain resolves conflict in information processing is determined by contextual factors that modulate internal control states, such as the recent (local) and longer-term (global) occurrence of conflict. Local "control context" effects can be observed in trial-by-trial adjustments to conflict (congruency sequence effects: less interference following incongruent trials), whereas global control context effects are reflected in adjustments to the frequency of conflict encountered over longer sequences of trials ("proportion congruent effects": less interference when incongruent trials are frequent). Previous neuroimaging and lesion studies suggest that the modulation of conflict-control processes by local control context relies on partly dissociable neural circuits for cognitive (non-emotional) vs. emotional conflicts. By contrast, emotional and non-emotional conflict-control processes have not been contrasted with respect to their modulation by global control context. We addressed this aim in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that varied the proportion of congruent trials in emotional vs. non-emotional conflict tasks across blocks. We observed domain-general conflict-related signals in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and pre-supplementary motor area and, more importantly, task-domain also interacted with global control context effects: specifically, the dorsal striatum and anterior insula tracked control-modulated conflict effects exclusively in the emotional domain. These results suggest that, similar to the neural mechanisms of local control context effects, there are both overlapping as well as distinct neural substrates involved in the modulation of emotional and non-emotional conflict-control by global control context.
ABSTRACT
A debated question in the cognitive control field is whether cognitive control is best conceptualized as a collection of distinct control mechanisms or a single general purpose mechanism. In an attempt to answer this question, previous studies have dissociated two well-known effects related to cognitive control: sequential congruence and proportion congruent effects. In the present experiment, we pursued a similar goal by using a different strategy: to test whether proportion congruent effects can be present in conditions where sequential congruence effects are absent. We used a paradigm in which two conflict types are randomly intermixed (Simon and Spatial Stroop) and the proportion of congruency is manipulated for one conflict type and kept neutral for the other conflict type. Our results showed that in conflict type alternation trials, where sequential congruence effects were absent, proportion congruent effects were still present. It can be concluded that, at least under certain circumstances, sequential congruence and proportion congruent effects can be independent of each other and specific to the conflict type (AU)
En el campo del control cognitivo, una pregunta de gran interés es si el control cognitivo está formado por uno o varios mecanismos. Una forma de responder a esta pregunta ha sido la disociación de dos efectos relacionados con control cognitivo: los efectos secuenciales y los efectos de proporción de congruencia. De forma similar, este experimento tiene como objetivo disociar ambos efectos pero en este caso investigando si los efectos de proporción de congruencia se producen en ausencia de los efectos secuenciales. Para ello se presentaron dos tipos de conflicto mezclados aleatoriamente (Simon y Stroop Espacial) y con la proporción de congruencia manipulada en uno de ellos, manteniendo neutral el número de ensayos congruentes e incongruentes en el otro conflicto. Nuestros resultados mostraron que en los ensayos en los que se producía una alternancia de tipo de conflicto, y dónde los efectos secuenciales estaban ausentes, se observaron efectos de proporción de congruencia. Esto indica que, al menos en circunstancias concretas, los efectos de proporción de congruencia y secuenciales son independientes y específicos al tipo de conflicto (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Conflict, Psychological , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Psychology, Experimental/methods , Psychological Tests/standards , Students, Health Occupations/classification , Students, Health Occupations/psychology , Students, Health Occupations/statistics & numerical data , Analysis of Variance , Training Support/trendsABSTRACT
Proportion congruent and conflict adaptation are two well known effects associated with cognitive control. A critical open question is whether they reflect the same or separate cognitive control mechanisms. In this experiment, in a training phase we introduced a proportion congruency manipulation for one conflict type (i.e. Simon), whereas in pre-training and post-training phases two conflict types (e.g. Simon and Spatial Stroop) were displayed with the same incongruent-to-congruent ratio. The results supported the sustained nature of the proportion congruent effect, as it transferred from the training to the post-training phase. Furthermore, this transfer generalized to both conflict types. By contrast, the conflict adaptation effect was specific to conflict type, as it was only observed when the same conflict type (either Simon or Stroop) was presented on two consecutive trials (no effect was observed on conflict type alternation trials). Results are interpreted as supporting the reactive and proactive control mechanisms distinction.
