Trichoscopy of Lichen Planopilaris in Black Scalp: A Literature Review.

Background: Lichen planopilaris (LPP) manifests as uni or multifocal patches of scarring alopecia across the scalp. Its symptoms include pruritus, trichodynia, and burning. Trichoscopy is a critical tool for early disease detection. In African descendants, LPP poses additional diagnostic challenges, given the black scalp peculiarities. These specific features include lower hair density, slower growth, and structural differences, compared to Caucasians. Moreover, the healthy black scalp may show distinctive features such as a honeycomb-pigmented network and sparse pinpoint white dots. Summary: In individuals of African descent, the most prevalent scarring alopecia is Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia, an important differential diagnosis for LPP in this population. LPP trichoscopy in the black scalp reveals unique features such as perifollicular erythema in the early stages, which often manifests as hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to review the literature on trichoscopy findings in LPP on black scalp categorizing them into distinct stages and highlighting their unique yet understudied characteristics. Key Messages: Despite not being as prevalent as nonscarring alopecias and not so frequent in the black scalp, LPP's aesthetic and devastating psychosocial impact raise concerns. Therefore, early recognition is paramount to halt the progress of LPP, mitigate its psychosocial impact, and prevent misdiagnosis.

Low-dose oral isotretinoin in a young female with dissecting cellulitis.

Dissecting cellulitis (DC) is a chronic inflammatory primary neutrophilic scarring alopecia. It predominantly affects the vertex and occipital regions of Afro-descendent men. Female DC is uncommon, and little is known about this condition in childhood. This paper reports a pediatric female case of DC with an excellent therapeutic response to low-dose oral isotretinoin.

Adverse effects of polychemotherapy for leprosy in 13 years of follow-up at a university hospital

Abstract Leprosy is one of the neglected diseases in the world and Brazil is the second country with more cases. A retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of 196 leprosy patients diagnosed during the course of 13 years at a university hospital. The aim was to describe the adverse effects of polychemotherapy, as well the most prevalent and most vulnerable populations. In the study, dapsone was the most implicated drug, especially in women, and the risk increased with age. The authors conclude that with this patient profile, greater vigilance should be taken regarding possible adverse effects, especially anemia.

Adverse effects of polychemotherapy for leprosy in 13 years of follow-up at a university hospital.

Leprosy is one of the neglected diseases in the world and Brazil is the second country with more cases. A retrospective study was conducted based on the medical records of 196 leprosy patients diagnosed during the course of 13 years at a university hospital. The aim was to describe the adverse effects of polychemotherapy, as well the most prevalent and most vulnerable populations. In the study, dapsone was the most implicated drug, especially in women, and the risk increased with age. The authors conclude that with this patient profile, greater vigilance should be taken regarding possible adverse effects, especially anemia.

High Frequency of Obesity in Acne Keloidalis Nuchae Patients: A Hypothesis from a Brazilian Study.

Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) is a chronic inflammatory condition that almost exclusively affects the occipital and nape areas. Although not completely understood, its etiopathogenesis seems to be multifactorial, including association with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Despite being commonly seen in patients with MetS, obesity per se as a possible related factor for AKN has yet to be studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between obesity and AKN in a series of patients. Eight male patients, with a median age of 38 years (range 15-48), were included. Overweight/obesity was found in 8/8 (100%), with median BMI of 32.2 (range 27.7-43.85 kg/m2), including 2 patients with class 3 obesity. We hypothesize adipose tissue accumulation in the nape, the only moving part of the scalp, leads to redundant skin folds, more friction, and inflammation, triggering AKN. This paper highlights the possible relationship between AKN and overweight/obesity, hypothesizing a mechanism for their contribution to the etiopathogenesis of this scalp disorder. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study focused specifically in this association. While general physicians should pay attention to the appearing of AKN in overweight/obese patients, dermatologists must be aware that AKN patients should be assessed beyond the skin.

Pressure-Induced Alopecia: Presence of Thin Hairs as a Trichoscopic Clue for the Diagnosis.

Pressure-induced alopecia (PA) is an unusual pattern of circumscribed hair loss that occurs after ischemic changes on the scalp. Trichoscopic findings described in the literature are scarce, nonspecific, and include black dots, broken hairs, circle hairs, and erythema. However, we report 3 cases of PA in which trichoscopy also showed many vellus and thin hairs. Possibly, the maintenance of these hair shafts may be explained by the more superficial insertion of their bulbs on the skin and/or their lower metabolic rates, making them suffer less from local hypoxia. Therefore, the authors suggest that these relevant signs should be added as a clue for the diagnosis of PA in doubtful cases.

Excellent response to mesotherapy as adjunctive treatment in male androgenetic alopecia.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of alopecia. Currently, only topical minoxidil and oral finasteride, for men, are approved for its treatment. We report a case of a patient with male pattern AGA treated with topical minoxidil and oral finasteride for 2 years, with partial improvement. At this point, we added mesotherapy to the previous treatment. The patient had 20 sessions of sterile mesotherapy blend, containing minoxidil, finasteride, biotin, and D-panthenol. We did the injections every two weeks and made the response assessment with global clinical photographs at the 10th and the 20th sessions when we noted a significant visible improvement in hair density and thickness. Mesotherapy or intradermotherapy is defined as a technique that involves the use of multiple intradermal injections of a mixture of compounds in low doses, at many points, near/over the affected sites. In our case, the patient had an excellent response to intradermotherapy as an adjunctive treatment, with no side effects. Although we still need additional clinical trials to standardize the therapy and treatment guidelines, mesotherapy seems to be a therapeutic option in the treatment of AGA, especially if the procedure happens in a medical facility, with correct indication and adequate execution of this promising technique.

Trichoscopy findings in dissecting cellulitis.

Dissecting cellulitis is an inflammatory, chronic, and recurrent disease of the hair follicles that mainly affects young Afro-descendent men. Trichoscopy is a method of great diagnostic value for disorders of the scalp. Clinical and trichoscopic findings of dissecting cellulitis are heterogeneous and may present features common to non-cicatricial and scarring alopecia. This article presents the trichoscopic findings of dissecting cellulitis that help in the diagnosis and consequent institution of the appropriate therapy and better prognosis of the disease.

Trichoscopy findings in dissecting cellulitis

Abstract Dissecting cellulitis is an inflammatory, chronic, and recurrent disease of the hair follicles that mainly affects young Afro-descendent men. Trichoscopy is a method of great diagnostic value for disorders of the scalp. Clinical and trichoscopic findings of dissecting cellulitis are heterogeneous and may present features common to non-cicatricial and scarring alopecia. This article presents the trichoscopic findings of dissecting cellulitis that help in the diagnosis and consequent institution of the appropriate therapy and better prognosis of the disease.

Contoured technique for lentigo maligna.

The surgical approach to lentigo maligna is a challenge to dermatologists, given the difficulty of clinical delimitation of borders. We report here a case of a 69-year-old female patient presenting with brownish macules on her face, since 10 years ago, with histopathological diagnosis of lentigo maligna. The surgical management employed was excision of visible borders with the contoured technique and immediate submission of these borders for histopathological analysis before complete excision of the tumor. This technique is a variant of staged excision, with lower rates of recurrence and acceptable aesthetic results.

Contoured technique for lentigo maligna

The surgical approach to lentigo maligna is a challenge to dermatologists, given the difficulty of clinical delimitation of borders. We report here a case of a 69-year-old female patient presenting with brownish macules on her face, since 10 years ago, with histopathological diagnosis of lentigo maligna. The surgical management employed was excision of visible borders with the contoured technique and immediate submission of these borders for histopathological analysis before complete excision of the tumor. This technique is a variant of staged excision, with lower rates of recurrence and acceptable aesthetic results.

Agminate lichen aureus.

Lichen aureus is a rare variant of pigmented purpura, with a chronic and benign course. It is generally asymptomatic and often occurs in the lower limbs, presenting as erythematous brownish, coppery or golden macules and/or papules. The diagnosis is based on clinical and histopathological findings. The dermatoscopic pattern has been considered a useful tool in diagnosis presumption. We describe a case with a confluent morphological pattern, called agminate lichen aureus.

Agminate lichen aureus / Liquen aureus agminado

Lichen aureus is a rare variant of pigmented purpura, with a chronic and benign course. It is generally asymptomatic and often occurs in the lower limbs, presenting as erythematous brownish, coppery or golden macules and/or papules. The diagnosis is based on clinical and histopathological findings. The dermatoscopic pattern has been considered a useful tool in diagnosis presumption. We describe a case with a confluent morphological pattern, called agminate lichen aureus.

O líquen aureus é uma variante rara das púrpuras pigmentares, com evolução crônica e benigna. A maioria é assintomática e predomina nos membros inferiores. O quadro clínico é constituído por máculas e/ou pápulas eritemato-acastanhadas, acobreadas ou douradas. O diagnóstico é clínico e histopatológico, porém o padrão dermatoscópico vem sendo uma ferramenta útil na presunção do diagnóstico. Descrevemos um caso com um padrão morfológico em que a lesão é confluente, sendo denominado líquen aureus agminado.

Atrophic dermatofibroma.

Dermatofibroma is a benign fibrohistiocytic tumor, common and easily diagnosed when classical clinicopathologic features are present. The atrophic variant of dermatofibroma is of uncertain origin. This lesion is characterized clinically by a flat or atrophic and depressible surface. Histopathological features show reduction of the thickness of the dermis and elastic fibers. We report a typical case of this uncommon and probably underdiagnosed variant.

Atrophic dermatofibroma / Dermatofibroma atrofico

Dermatofibroma is a benign fibrohistiocytic tumor, common and easily diagnosed when classical clinicopathologic features are present. The atrophic variant of dermatofibroma is of uncertain origin. This lesion is characterized clinically by a flat or atrophic and depressible surface. Histopathological features show reduction of the thickness of the dermis and elastic fibers. We report a typical case of this uncommon and probably underdiagnosed variant.

O dermatofibroma é um tumor fibrohistiocitário benigno, comum e facilmente diagnosticado quando apresenta os achados clinicopatológicos clássicos. O dermatofibroma atrófico é uma variante específica do dermatofibroma, de origem ainda incerta. Esta é caracterizada clinicamente por lesão plana ou atrófica, depressível à compressão. Ao exame histopatológico, observa-se redução da espessura da derme e redução das fibras elásticas. Relatamos um caso típico desta variante incomum e provavelmente subdiagnosticada.