An Eco-Friendly and Innovative Approach in Building Engineering: The Production of Cement-Glass Composite Bricks with Recycled Polymeric Reinforcements.

Cementitious-glass composite bricks (CGCBs) with 3D-printed reinforcement structures made of PET-G could be an innovative production method that relies on recycling glass waste (78%) and PET-G (8%). These bricks offer a promising solution for the construction industry, which has a significant impact on climate change due to its greenhouse gas emissions and extensive use of natural aggregates. The approach presented in this article serves as an alternative to using conventional building materials that are not only costlier but also less environmentally friendly. The conducted research included mechanical tests using digital image correlation (DIC), utilized for measuring deformations in specimens subjected to three-point bending and compression tests, as well as thermal investigations covering measurements of their thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat. The results highlighted the superior thermal properties of the CGCBs with PET-G reinforcements compared to traditional cementitious-glass mortar (CGM). The CGCBs exhibited a 12% lower thermal conductivity and a 17% lower specific heat. Additionally, the use of specially designed reinforcement substantially enhanced the mechanical properties of the bricks. There was a remarkable 72% increase in flexural strength in the vertical direction and a 32% increase in the horizontal direction.

Effect of Shot Peening on the Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of an AA2519-T62 Friction-Stir-Welded Butt Joint.

In this investigation, an AA2519-T62 FSW butt joint was subjected to shot peening with an air pressure of p = 0.6 MPa, a processing time of t = 10 min (per side), and a steel ball diameter of dk = 1.5 mm. In order to evaluate the impact of shot peening on the low-cycle behavior, the samples were tested with coefficient R = 0.1 at total strain amplitudes of 0.35%, 0.4%, and 0.5%. The shot-peened welds are characterized by a higher value of stress amplitude, a lower value of plastic strain amplitude, and their fatigue life increased slightly. The cyclic strength coefficient and the cyclic strain hardening exponent were reduced by 45% and 55%, respectively, as the result of the surface layer hardening. The shot peening process had no noticeable effect on the character of crack initiation and propagation. Almost in all cases, the cracking started in the area under the weld face, located close to the boundary between the thermo-mechanically affected zone and the stir zone at the advancing side. Only at the heaviest loadings (εac = 0.5%) were cracks initiated in the heat-affected zone at the retreating side. Despite the introduction of small cracks in the stir zone, their presence did not affect the decohesion character of the welded joint. Overall, it was observed that there is a minimal, positive impact of shot peening on the properties of the investigated joints.

Regeneration of the Damaged Parts with the Use of Metal Additive Manufacturing-Case Study.

The paper shows the results related to regeneration possibilities analysis of a damaged slider removed from a hydraulic splitter that was repaired using additive manufacturing (AM), laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) technology. The results demonstrate the high quality of the connection zone between the original part and the regenerated zone. The hardness measurement conducted at the interface between the two materials indicated a significant increase equal to 35% by using the M300 maraging steel, as a material for regeneration. Additionally, the use of digital image correlation (DIC) technology enabled the identification of the area where the largest deformation occurred during the tensile test, which was out of the connection zone between the two materials.

Performance Properties of Cement-Glass Composite Bricks (CGCB) with Additively Manufactured (AM) Polymeric Scaffolding.

This study provides an alternative to traditional masonry materials: a cement-glass composite brick (CGCB), with a printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PET-G) internal scaffolding (gyroidal structure). This newly designed building material consists of 86% waste (78% glass waste, and 8% recycled PET-G). It can respond to the construction market's needs and provide a cheaper alternative to traditional materials. Performed tests showed an improvement in thermal properties after the use of an internal grate in the brick matrix, i.e., an increase in thermal conductivity (5%), and a decrease in thermal diffusivity (8%) and specific heat (10%). The obtained anisotropy of the CGCB's mechanical properties was much lower than the non-scaffolded parts, indicating a very positive effect of using this type of scaffolding in CGCB bricks.

Process Parameter Investigation and Torsional Strength Analysis of the Additively Manufactured 3D Structures Made of 20MnCr5 Steel.

An ongoing growth of the available materials dedicated to additive manufacturing (AM) significantly extends the possibilities of their usage in many applications. A very good example is 20MnCr5 steel which is very popular in conventional manufacturing technologies and shows good processability in AM processes. This research takes into account the process parameter selection and torsional strength analysis of AM cellular structures. The conducted research revealed a significant tendency for between-layer cracking which is strictly dependent on the layered structure of the material. Additionally, the highest torsional strength was registered for specimens with a honeycomb structure. To determine the best-obtained properties, in the case of the samples with cellular structures, a torque-to-mass coefficient was introduced. It indicated the best properties of honeycomb structures, which have about 10% smaller torque-to-mass coefficient values than monolithic structures (PM samples).

Processability of 21NiCrMo2 Steel Using the Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Selection of Process Parameters and Resulting Mechanical Properties.

With the development and popularization of additive manufacturing, attempts have been made to implement this technology into the production processes of machine parts, including gears. In the case of the additive manufacturing of gears, the availability of dedicated materials for this type of application is low. This paper summarizes the results of research on the implementation of 21NiCrMo2 low-alloy steel, which is conventionally used to produce gears as a feedstock in the PBF-LB/M process. The work presents research on the selection of process parameters based on porosity measurements, static tensile tests, and hardness measurements. In addition, the article includes a mathematical model based on the quadratic regression model, which allows the estimation of the percentage of voids in the material depending on the assumed values of independent variables (laser power, scanning velocity, and hatch distance). The paper includes a range of process parameters that enable the production of elements made of 21NiCrMo2 steel with a density of over 99.7%. Additionally, comparative tests were carried out on PBF-LB/M-manufactured steel (in the state after printing and the state after heat treatment) and conventionally manufactured steel in terms of its mechanical and microstructural properties. The results showed that the steel exhibited similar mechanical properties to other carburizing steels (20MnCr5 and 16MnCr5) that have been used to date in PBF-LB/M processes and it can be used as an alternative to these materials.

Effect of Welding Parameters on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Friction Stir Welded AA7075-T651 Aluminum Alloy Butt Joints.

The aim of this study was to examine the mechanical properties of 5-mm-thick AA7075-T651 alloy using three different welding velocities, 50, 75 and 100 mm/min, and four various sets of tool rotation speeds: 400, 600, 800 and 1000 rpm. All obtained joints were defect-free. In all cases, the values of UTS exceeded 400 MPa, corresponding to 68.5% minimum joint efficiency. The highest value of 447.7 MPa (76.7% joint efficiency) was reported for the joint produced via 400 rpm tool rotation speed and 100 mm/min welding velocity. The SZ microstructure of the strongest joint was characterized by a 5.2 ± 1.7 µm grain size and microhardness of approximately 145 HV0.1. The TMAZ/HAZ interface was identified as the low-hardness zone (105-115 HV0.1, depending on parameters), where the failure of the tensile samples takes place. The fracture mechanism is dominated by a transgranular ductile rupture with microvoid coalescence.

A Comparative Study on Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Differently Atomized 316L Stainless Steel.

The significant growth of Additive Manufacturing (AM), visible over the last ten years, has driven an increase in demand for small gradation metallic powders of a size lower than 100 µm. Until now, most affordable powders for AM have been produced using gas atomization. Recently, a new, alternative method of powder production based on ultrasonic atomization with melting by electric arc has appeared. This paper summarizes the preliminary research results of AM samples made of two AISI 316L steel powder batches, one of which was obtained during Ultrasonic Atomization (UA) and the other during Plasma Arc Gas Atomization (PAGA). The comparison starts from powder particle statistical distribution, chemical composition analysis, density, and flowability measurements. After powder analysis, test samples were produced using AM to observe the differences in microstructure, porosity, and hardness. Finally, the test campaign covered an analysis of mechanical properties, including tensile testing with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Charpy's impact tests. A comparative study of parts made of ultrasonic and gas atomization powders confirms the likelihood that both methods can deliver material of similar properties.

Bending Strength of Polyamide-Based Composites Obtained during the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) Process.

The research shows the comparison between two types of polyamide-based (PA) composites and pure, base material. The conducted analysis describes how the additions of carbon fibers and glass microbeads affect the material's properties and its behavior during the bending tests. All samples have been tested in the three main directions available during the FFF process. To extend the scope of the research, additional digital-image-correlation tests and fracture analyses were made. The obtained results indicated a positive influence of the addition of carbon fibers into the material's volume (from 81.39 MPa in the case of pure PA to 243.62 MPa in the case of the PA reinforced by carbon fibers).

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded Joint AA7020/AA5083 with Different Joining Parameters.

The present paper aims to analyze the influence of process parameters (tool traverse speed and tool rotational speed) on the macrostructure, microhardness, and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded (FSW) butt joints. Nine combinations of FSW parameters welded joints of aluminum alloys 7020-T651 and 5083-H111 were characterized. Plates in 5 mm thickness were welded using the FSW method as dissimilar joints with three values of tool rotation parameters (400, 800, and 1200 rpm) and three welding speeds (100, 200, 300 mm/min). The macroscopic observations revealed various shapes of the stir zone and defects resulting from excess and insufficient heat input. Microfractographic analysis and tensile test results showed that the samples made with the FSW parameters of 800 rpm and 200 mm/min had the best strength properties: UTS = 303 MPa, YS = 157 MPa, and A = 11.6 %. Moreover, for all welds at welding speed 100 mm/min, the joint efficiency reached 95%.

Additive Manufacturing of Plastics Used for Protection against COVID19-The Influence of Chemical Disinfection by Alcohol on the Properties of ABS and PETG Polymers.

In this paper, the influence of disinfection on structural and mechanical properties of additive manufactured (AM) parts was analyzed. All AM parts used for a fight against COVID19 were disinfected using available methods-including usage of alcohols, high temperature, ozonation, etc.-which influence on AM parts properties has not been sufficiently analyzed. During this research, three types of materials dedicated for were tested in four different disinfection times and two disinfection liquid concentrations. It has been registered that disinfection liquid penetrated void into material's volume, which caused an almost 20% decrease in tensile properties in parts manufactured using a glycol-modified version of polyethylene terephthalate (PETG).

Selective Laser Melted M300 Maraging Steel-Material Behaviour during Ballistic Testing.

Significant growth in knowledge about metal additive manufacturing (AM) affects the increase of interest in military solutions, where there is always a need for unique technologies and materials. An important section of materials in the military are those dedicated to armour production. An AM material is characterised by different behaviour than those conventionally made, especially during more dynamic loading such as ballistics testing. In this paper, M300 maraging steel behavior was analysed under the condition of ballistic testing. The material was tested before and after solution annealing and ageing. This manuscript also contains some data based on structural analysis and tensile testing with digital image correlation. Based on the conducted research, M300 maraging steel was found to be a helpful material for some armour solutions after pre- or post-processing activities. Conducted solution annealing and ageing increased the ballistic properties by 87% in comparison to build samples. At the same time, the material's brittleness increased, which affected a significant growth in fragmentation of the perforated plate. According to such phenomena, a detailed fracture analysis was made.

Al2O3/ZrO2 Materials as an Environmentally Friendly Solution for Linear Infrastructure Applications.

The present work deals with the evaluation of the effect of ZrO2 on the structure and selected properties of shapes obtained using the centrifugal slip casting method. The samples were made of alumina and zirconia. The applied technology made it possible to produce tubes with a high density reaching 99-100% after sintering. Very good bonding was obtained at the Al2O3/ZrO2 interphase boundaries with no discernible delamination or cracks, which was confirmed by STEM observations. In the case of Al2O3/ZrO2 composites containing 5 vol.% and 10 vol.% ZrO2, the presence of equiaxial ZrO2 grains with an average size of 0.25 µm was observed, which are distributed along the grain boundaries of Al2O3. At the same time, the composites exhibited a very high hardness of 22-23 GPa. Moreover, the environmental influences accompanying the sintering process were quantified. The impacts were determined using the life cycle analysis method, in the phase related to the extraction and processing of raw materials and the process of producing Al2O3/ZrO2 composites. The results obtained show that the production of 1 kg of sintered composite results in greenhouse gas emissions of 2.24-2.9 kg CO2 eq. which is comparable to the amount of emissions accompanying the production of 1 kg of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polypropylene (PP), or hot-rolled steel products.

Modification of Structural Properties Using Process Parameters and Surface Treatment of Monolithic and Thin-Walled Parts Obtained by Selective Laser Melting.

Additive manufacturing is one of the most popular technological processes and is being considered in many research works, a lot of which are related to thin-walled parts analysis. There are many cases where different part geometries were manufactured using the same process parameters. That kind of approach often causes different porosity and surface roughness values in the geometry of each produced part. In this work, the porosity of thin-walled and monolithic parts was compared. To analyze additively manufactured samples, porosity and microstructural analyses were done. Additionally, to check the influence of process parameter modification on the manufactured parts' properties, hardness and roughness measurements were made. Surface roughness and the influence of surface treatment were also taken into account. Porosity reduction of thin-walled parts with energy density growth was observed. Additionally, a positive influence of slight energy density growth on the surface roughness of produced parts was registered. Comparing two extreme-parameter groups, it was observed that a 56% energy density increase caused an almost 85% decrease in porosity and a 45% increase in surface roughness. Additional surface treatment of the material allowed for a 70-90% roughness reduction.

The Influence of Heat Treatment on Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of Selectively Laser Melted 316L Steel.

The paper is a project continuation of the examination of the additive-manufactured 316L steel obtained using different process parameters and subjected to different types of heat treatment. This work contains a significant part of the research results connected with material analysis after low-cycle fatigue testing, including fatigue calculations for plastic metals based on the Morrow equation and fractures analysis. The main aim of this research was to point out the main differences in material fracture directly after the process and analyze how heat treatment affects material behavior during low-cycle fatigue testing. The mentioned tests were run under conditions of constant total strain amplitudes equal to 0.30%, 0.35%, 0.40%, 0.45%, and 0.50%. The conducted research showed different material behaviors after heat treatment (more similar to conventionally made material) and a negative influence of precipitation heat treatment of more porous additive manufactured materials during low-cycle fatigue testing.

Research on the Properties and Low Cycle Fatigue of Sc-Modified AA2519-T62 FSW Joint.

The aim of this research was to examine the mechanical and fatigue properties of friction stir welded Sc-modified 5 mm thick AA2519-T62 extrusion. The joint was obtained using the following parameters: 800 rpm tool rotation speed, 100 mm/min tool traverse speed, 17 kN axial, and MX Triflute as a tool. The investigation has involved microstructure observations, microhardness distribution analysis, tensile test with digital image correlation technique, observations of the fracture surface, measurements of residual stresses, low cycle fatigue testing, and fractography. It was stated that the obtained weld is defect-free and has joint efficiency of 83%. The failure in the tensile test occurred at the boundary of the thermo-mechanically affected zone and stir zone on the advancing side of the weld. The residual stress measurements have revealed that the highest values of longitudinal stress are localized at the distance of 10 mm from the joint line with their values of 124 MPa (the retreating side) and 159 MPa (the advancing side). The results of low cycle fatigue testing have allowed establishing of the values of the cyclic strength coefficient (k' = 504.37 MPa) and cyclic strain hardening exponent (n' = 0.0068) as well as the factors of the Manson-Coffin-Basquin equation: the fatigue strength coefficient σ'f = 462.4 MPa, the fatigue strength exponent b = -0.066, the fatigue ductility coefficient ε'f = 0.4212, and the fatigue ductility exponent c = -0.911.

Mechanical Properties Analysis of the AA2519-AA1050-Ti6Al4V Explosive Welded Laminate.

Explosively welded layered materials made of (a) an AA2519 aluminum alloy (AlCuMgMn + ZrSc), (b) titanium alloy Ti6Al4V and (c) an intermediate layer composed of a thin aluminum alloyed AA1050 layer are considered herein. This study presents test results connected to measurement science including microstructural observations of the material combined with the explosive method, and a basic analysis of the strength properties based on microhardness and tensile tests. Owing to the joint's special manufacturing conditions, the laminate was subjected to deformation measurements with the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The research was supplemented by the residual stress measurements with the sin2ψ X-ray method based on the diffraction-reflection analysis that was verified by the bore trepanation method.

Comparison of Different Heat Treatment Processes of Selective Laser Melted 316L Steel Based on Analysis of Mechanical Properties.

In this study, we analyzed the mechanical properties of selectively laser melted (SLM) steel obtained via different modifications during and after the manufacturing process. The aim was to determine the effects of precipitation heat treatment on the mechanical properties of elements additively manufactured using three different process parameters. Some samples were additionally obtained using hot isostatic pressing (HIP), while some were treated using two different types of heat treatment and a combination of those two processes. From each manufactured sample, a part of the material was taken for structural analysis including residual stress analysis and microstructural investigations. In the second part of the research, the mechanical properties were studied to define the scleronomic hardness of the samples. Finally, tensile tests were conducted using a digital image correlation (DIC) test and fracture analysis. The treated samples were found to be significantly elongated, thus indicating the advantages of using precipitation heat treatment. Additionally, precipitation heat treatment was found to increase the porosity of samples, which was the opposite compared to HIP-treated samples.

Crack Growth Behavior of Additively Manufactured 316L Steel-Influence of Build Orientation and Heat Treatment.

The effects of build orientation and heat treatment on the crack growth behavior of 316L stainless steel (SS) fabricated via a selective laser melting additive manufacturing process were investigated. Available research results on additively manufactured metallic parts still require a substantial expansion. The most important issue connected with the metal properties after additive manufacturing are the high anisotropy properties, especially from the fatigue point of view. The study examined the crack growth behavior of additively manufactured 316L in comparison to a conventionally made reference material. Both groups of samples were obtained using precipitation heat treatment. Different build orientations in the additively manufactured samples and rolling direction in the reference samples were taken into account as well. Precipitation heat treatment of additively manufactured parts allowed one to achieve microstructure and tensile properties to similar to those of conventionally made pieces. The heat treatment positively affected the fatigue properties. Additionally, precipitation heat treatment of additively manufactured elements significantly affected the reduction of fatigue cracking velocity and changed the fatigue cracking mechanism.

Microstructure and Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of AA5083 H111 Friction Stir Welded Joint.

The present paper aims to analyze the microstructure, microhardness, tensile properties, and low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of friction stir welded (FSW) butt joints. The material used in this study was the 5 mm thick 5083 H111 aluminum alloy sheet. Butt joints of AA 5083 H111 were manufactured at different operating parameters of the FSW process. The effect of the welding parameters on microstructure, microhardness, and tensile properties was investigated. Based on microstructure analysis and strength tests, the most favorable parameters of the FSW process were settled on the point of view of weld quality. Then, LCF tests of base material and friction stir welded specimens made of 5083 H111 were carried out for the examined welded samples under selected friction stir welding parameters. The process of low-cycle fatigue of 5083 H111 aluminum alloy was characterized by cyclic hardening for both: base material and FSW joint. It was revealed by a decrease in the width of the hysteresis loop with the simultaneous significant increase in the values of the range of stress. It was determined that fatigue cracks are initiated by cyclic slip deformation due to local stress concentration from the surface in the corner of the samples for the base material and the heat-affected zone for FSW joints. For all tested strain amplitudes, the fatigue crack propagation region is characterized by the presence of fatigue striation with secondary cracks.