ABSTRACT
We present the characterization of highly photorefractive Er3+/Yb3+-doped 75SiO2-25GeO2 planar waveguides, single mode at 1550 nm, deposited by radio-frequency-magnetron-sputtering (RFMS) technique. Details of the deposition process are reported. The material presents an intense absorption band (alpha approximately 10;3/10;4 cm;-1) in the UV region. Irradiations by a KrF excimer laser source at lambda = 248 nm have produced large positive (up to 310-3) refractive index changes, without the need of particular sensitization procedures. Direct measurements of UV photo-induced volume densification demonstrates that glass compaction accounts for large part of the refractive index change. Highly efficient photo-induced phase gratings have thus been fabricated in the waveguide.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: A phase III study was performed in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) to evaluate the effect on response rate and survival of a doubling of the epirubicin dose intensity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred fifty-six patients were randomised to receive either epirubicin 100 mg/m2 or 50 mg/m2 in combination with 5-FU (500 mg/m2) and cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2) (FEC 100 vs. FEC 50) i.v., every 21 days for a maximum of six cycles (eight in case of CR). RESULTS: Of 456 patients, 390 were evaluable for efficacy. Objective response (CR + PR) was seen in 57% (FEC 100) vs. 41% (FEC 50) of the evaluable patients (P = 0.003). The CR rate was higher in the FEC 100 arm (12% vs. 7%, P = 0.07). FEC 100 produced significantly higher response rates in patients with visceral localisation (50% vs. 34%, P = 0.011) and in patients with more than two metastatic organ sites (64% vs. 37%, P = 0.001). Median time to progression (7.6 vs. 7 months) and overall survival (18 months vs. 17 months) were similar. Myelosuppression was the principal toxic effect, with grade IV neutropenia observed in 57% of the patients treated with FEC 100 vs. 9% of those on FEC 50. Grade IV infection or febrile neutropenia were observed in 8% (FEC 100) vs. 0.4% (FEC 50), but the incidence of septic death was the same in the two arms (two patients each). Cardiac toxicity was similar in the two treatment groups, with 5% vs. 3% of the patients taken off study due to cardiac events, primarily due to a decline in LVEF. Only three patients (two in FEC 100) experienced congestive heart failure. CONCLUSION: This trial shows that FEC with epirubicin at 100 mg/m2 can be administered for repeated cycles without bone marrow support with increased, though acceptable, toxicity and with a significant increase of antitumor effect (especially in visceral and/or high-burden disease), but no increased survival.
