Subject(s)
Boidae/microbiology , Disease Reservoirs/microbiology , Paratyphoid Fever/transmission , Salmonella paratyphi B/isolation & purification , Adult , Animals , Humans , Italy , Male , Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi B/classification , Salmonella paratyphi B/genetics , Salmonella paratyphi B/pathogenicityABSTRACT
A study was carried out in the South of Italy to assess the role of clostridia in neonatal diseases of lambs and kids. Eighty-seven lambs and 15 kids belonging to 25 flocks were examined and Clostridium perfringens was the microorganism most commonly identified. C. perfringens isolates were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in order to determine the prevalence of the genes cpa, cpb, cpb2, etx, iap and cpe. The most prevalent toxin-type of C. perfringens was found to be type A found in 84% of the cases with clostridial enterotoxaemia. No C. perfringens type B, C or E were found. C. perfringens type D was isolated in 16% of the cases. About 24% of the isolates were cpb2 positive. The prevalence of cpb2 across the different C. perfringens types varied. The beta(2)-toxin gene cpb2 was detected in 4/21 (19%) type A isolates, in 1/2 type D isolates, and in 1/2 type DE (cpe-carrying type D) isolates. The high rate of positivity to cpb2 among the isolates suggests that a vaccine based on the beta(2)-toxin, should be included in the vaccination schedule of the animals to confer adequate protection and to prevent the disease.
Subject(s)
Clostridium Infections/veterinary , Enterotoxins/genetics , Goat Diseases/microbiology , Sheep Diseases/microbiology , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Clostridium Infections/epidemiology , Clostridium Infections/microbiology , Clostridium Infections/pathology , Clostridium perfringens/isolation & purification , Genotype , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/pathology , Goats , Italy/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging problem. We studied 71 MRSA strains for the presence of mecA gene by PCR, for the enterotoxins production and susceptibility to antimicrobials. In addition, the suitability of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) and Hypervariable Region (HVR)--PCR as molecular tools for typing MRSA was also tested. All the 71 strains previously found MRSA with conventional methods, presented the gene mec A. By molecular typing five distinct amplicons were found. MRSA with two DRUS were the most common type. RAPD analysis clustered MRSA in 8 groups, three of which were the most common. 26.8% of MRSA produce enterotoxins with a prevalence of type A. MRSA exhibited resistance to all quinolones tested and to gentamycin. Our data suggest that a typing method based on RAPD combined with HVR-PCR may be useful to compare MRSA isolated in a hospital environment, whereas PFGE may be used for further analysis.
