[Oxidoreductase expression and protein storage in winter and spring cereals under extremal temperature condition].

Cultivation of wheat and barley plants under temperature stress fluctuations was the reason of reduction of acid protein common storage in the tissues more than 25% and the reason of reduction of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase common activities. There were no changes of common phenoloxidase activity. Activity redistribution between separate fractions of enzyme spectra were linked with enzyme expression changes. Alteration of peroxidase/oxidase ratio for separate fractions of electrophoretical spectra has been defined as a result of extreme temperature influence over a period of plant growing. At the same time there were no alterations in peroxidase/superoxide reductase fraction ratio in seedlings. The Vrn1-loci did not have a single meaning for expression of investigated oxidoreductases because their influence was determined by the "organism-environment" definite situation. In "normal" growth circumstances there was no correlation between the type of development and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of oxidoreductase spectra. The alteration of definite enzyme izoform degree in forming of plant stress response was different for spring and winter genotypes that testifies dependence of the functional state of the probed enzymes on allelic composition of locus Vrn1.

[Quantitative characters of male generative structures cells of wheat, rye and wheat-rye hybrids during microsporogenesis].

The optical density indices of nucleoli and cytoplasm of male generative cells during microsporogenesis have been estimated for wheat, rye and F1 of wheat-rye hybrids using RNA staining. The correlation between RNA con tent in the nucleolus and the cytoplasm of investigated cells has been estimated. The dynamics of correlation between the nucleolus volume and RNA content in the nucleolus/ the cytoplasm has been shown for wheat and hybrids cells during microsporogenesis. The essential differences depending on genotype for quantitative karyometrical and cytochemical character expression have been determined for parental forms, as well as dependence of expression of these characters in the cells of FI wheat-rye hybrids on wheat maternal form.

[Evaluation of enzyme multiple forms spectra using the index of system diversity level].

Comparative estimation of the most widely used indexes of the system diversity has been carried out using model electrophoretic spectra. The basic requirements to the diversity index of electrophoretic spectra are formulated. A formula for the estimation of the level of spectra diversity of multiple forms on the basis of synthesis of the Ashby complication of the system index and the Simpson index is offered.

[Locus Adh and adaptation of cn and vg mutants in the experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster Meig].

Complex study of adaptation and allozyme belonging of alcoholdehydrogenase (ADH) in cn and vg mutants has been carried out in the initial pure lines, in their panmixia populations and in condition of substitution of the mutant genotype by saturating crossings. It was shown that the high level of adaptation of cn mutants and the low level of adaptation of vg mutants was combined with the presence of different ADH allozymes. During the saturating crossings the reliable coadaptation of the genes cn and Adh(S) as well as vg and Adh(F) was detected that confirmes the postulated earlier conception of gene adaptation complexes.

[Genetic structure of the experimental population of Drosophila melanogaster polymorphic with respect to beta-carboxyesterase locus].

The polymorphism of beta-phile carboxyesterase (E.C.3.1.1.2) in the males and females of the wild type (Odessa 1) experimental population of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen has been studied with the polyacrylamide disc-electrophoresis. Two isoforms of the enzyme and three phenotypic classes non-uniformly presented among the males and females have been detected. The frequencies of the alleles encoding the corresponding isoforms of the beta-phile carboxyesterase have been determined, as well as those of the genotypes that differed qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to the investigated gene-enzyme system. The deviations of the detected genotype frequencies from the theoretically expected ones were determined. The role of the natural selection directed towards the decreasing of the frequencies of the certain allele is discussed.

[Genetic-biochemical problems of vitaminology]. / Genetiko-biokhimicheskie problemy vitaminologii.

The results of up-to-date researches made on the interaction of vitaminology and genetics are assumed. Publications, which were issued after the completion of superlative scientific career of academician R. V. Chagovets, the scientist who stood at the source of up-to-date genetico-biochemical trend in vitaminology were used in the paper. Information of the last years concerning three urgent problems of biochemistry and genetics is presented: studies of the structure, functions and genetic determination of vitamin-binding and transporting proteins; investigation of genetic determination of vitamin synthesis enzymes; study of vitamins and their derivatives role in genome function regulation. It is stressed in the review that genetico-biochemical investigations in vitaminology, despite their urgency and scientific importance, had not been developed in the right way. This makes the meeting of practical needs of microbiological industry, medicine and animal breeding more difficult.

[Conjugation resistance to Fusarium graminearum Schwabe with multiple molecular forms of some enzymes in winter wheat]. / Sopriazhennost' ustoichivosti ozimykh miagkikh pshenits k Fusarium graminearum Schwabe i mnozhestvennykh molekuliarnykh form nekotorykh fermentov.

Electrophoretic spectra of multiple molecular forms of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), phenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), and cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) in seedlings of two aegilops species and eleven genotypes of bread winter wheat differing in the level of their resistance to Fusarium infection are presented. Several izoforms of peroxidase, phenol oxidase, and superoxide dismutase correlate with the level of resistance to Fusarium. Infection of plants with the pathogen enhances expressiveness of some multiple forms of enzymes. Such response to infection in less pronounced in the sensitive genotypes as compared with that in the resistant ones.

[Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of ontogenetic and phylogenetic adaptation]. / Genetiko-biokhimichskie mekhanizmy ontogeneticheskoi i filogeneticheskoi adaptatsii.

Results of the scientific research of genetic mechanisms of ontogenetic and phylogenetic adaptation in the department of genetics and molecular biology of the Odessa national university (ONU) are summarized. The new concept of genetic adaptation and adaptive heterosis is proposed. The evidence are presented that not only selection of selectively valuable alleles of the structural genes of enzymes, but also of gene-modifiers of the gene products are involved in the adaptation of D. melanogaster populations to environmental conditions. As a result, the sets of coadaptation alleles--adaptation complexes of genes (ACG), which are specific to the selective factors, are formed in persons of the population.

[Problems of formation of genetic coadaptation during creation of synthetic genotypes]. / Problemy formirovaniia geneticheskoi koadaptatsii pri sozdanii sinteticheskikh genotipov.

In the review the problems of restoration of genetic coadaptation in some agricultural crops under creation of synthetic genotypes using sexual hybridization and transgenosis are considered. On the basis of the study of multiple molecular forms of the enzymes, the mechanisms of formation of adaptive complexes of genes (ACG) are traced. Cytogenetic mechanisms interfering stabilization of synthetic genotypes are considered.

[Changes of gene expression in Solanum tuberosum L. as a result of transgenes]. / Izmeneniia ekspressii genov u Solanum tuberosum L. v rezul'tate transgenoza.

Potato plants of various cultivars, transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens with pGV941 plasmid, differed from control plants in glyphosate herbicide tolerance, tryptophane content, intensity of callusogenesis, microtuber formation in vitro and multimolecular forms of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.11). The results demonstrate the influence of alien DNA on structural gene expression in transgenic plants.

[Genetic determination and inheritance of resistance to Fusarium graminearum L. in wheat]. / Geneticheskaia determinatsiia i nasledovanie priznaka ustoichivosti pshenitsy k Fusarium graminearum L.

A genetic basis of resistance of winter wheat to Fusarium graminearum causing Fusarium head blight was defined as a result of F1, F2, BC1 hybrid analysis in the crosses of some lines and varieties with highly susceptible variety Odesskaya polukarlikovaya. It was found out that resistance to Fusarium graminearum inherited regardless of resistance to rust, mildew and Septoria.

[Genotypic basis of low viability in vestigial mutants of Drosophila melanogaster]. / Genotipicheskie osnovy nizkoi zhiznesposobnosti mutantov vestigial Drosophila melanogaster.

The role of a marker mutation and other genes in a decrease in viability was studied in the Drosophila melanogaster vg line. In flies of the C-S line, chromosome 2 was substituted by the homologous chromosome of the vg flies. In addition, the flies of the mutant phenotype with mutant genes partially or completely substituted by the wild-type C-S genes were obtained in saturating crosses C-S x vg. In the reciprocal variant of chromosome 2 substitution, the flies of the C-S phenotype with chromosomes 1, 3, and 4 from the vg line were obtained. Chromosome 2 of the vg line, introduced into C-S fly karyotype, proved to substantially reduce the heat resistance and life span of flies. In the case of reciprocal replacement (C-S line chromosome 2 substituted for the homologous chromosome of vg flies), a significant increase in viability was observed, which, however, never reached the level characteristic of the C-S line. As the vg genotype became saturated with C-S genes, the heat resistance and life span of flies increased substantially. However, even the complete saturation of mutant chromosomes with wild-type genes never resulted in the equal viability of vg and C-S flies. These data suggest that the low viability of the vg mutant is largely accounted for by the gene composition of the second chromosome and, primarily, by the presence of the vg gene. Nevertheless, there is evidence that, along with the pleiotropic effect of the marker mutation, other genes not linked to chromosome 2 are responsible for the studied physiological properties of the vg flies.

[The gene-enzyme system of alcohol dehydrogenase during genotype changes in Drosophila melanogaster]. / Gen-énzimnaia sistema alkogol'degidrogenazy pri izmeneniiakh genotipa u Drosophila melanogaster.

It is established, that certain variants of replacement of chromosomes performed on wild (C-S, D) and mutant (cn, vg) lines as well as continuous backcrosses, leads to the change of heat resistance and activity of F- and S-allozymes of ADH in tissues of synthesized forms of drosophila. But nevertheless, the electrophoretic mobility of allozymes does not change. It is assumed that post-translated modifications of ADH play the important part in processes of phylogenetic adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster.

[Effect of various compounds on electrophoretic spectra of multiple molecular forms of peroxidase]. / Vliianie nekotorykh soedinenii na élektroforeticheskie spektry mnozhestvennykh molekuliarnykh form peroksidazy.

The effect of different reagents to colour intensity on PAA gel bands using benzidine was studied. All the investigated reagents were divided into three groups 1) reagents with no effect on visualization of peroxidase molecular forms colour intensity; 2) those relatively equally decreasing colour intensity; 3) selective effect on visualization of peroxidase molecular forms. Ferulic, ascorbic and indole-3-acetic acids, phloroglucin and hydroquinone are most interesting in our investigation. Use of these reagents allows increasing the differences between electrophoretic pictures during comparative physiological and genetic experiments. Possible mechanisms of the mentioned reagents influence on efficiency of peroxidase benzidine interaction are discussed.

[Alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism and the genotypic adaptation of D. melanogaster to the action of selective factors]. / Polimorfizm alkogol'degidrogenazy i genotipicheskaia adaptatsiia D. melanogaster k deistviiu selektivnykh faktorov.

Analysis of experimental populations of Drosophila has shown different selective value of S- and F-alleles of Adh locus under selection for delayed aging, resistance to elevated temperature and ethanol. Selection for delayed aging and resistance to hyperthermia was accompanied by an increase of Adhs frequency in populations and genotypic adaptation to ethanol- by an increase of AdhF frequency.

[Esterase-6 gene-enzyme system and resistance of Drosophila to increased temperature]. / Gen-énzimnaia sistema ésterazy-6 i ustoichivost' Drosophily k povyshennoi temperature.

The effect of the gene-enzyme system of esterase-6 (EST-6) on the expression of viability traits in Drosophila melanogaster was studied at normal and high temperatures. Interline, ontogenetic, and sexual differences of beta-esterase activity in tissue extracts were found. The differences were not correlated with the viability parameters of the flies. Some flies in the b line, in contrast to the other lines examined (N, Canton S, cn, vg), had EST-6 forms with different electrophoretic mobility. This indicates genetic polymorphism of this line at EST-6 locus. The bS and b F lines, isogenic at the chromosome 1, 2, and 3 and homozygous for Est-6S and Est-6F, respectively, were derived from a heterozygous line b female by means of a special crossing scheme and selection. The S allozyme had lesser mobility but was more resistant to high temperature (57 degrees C). Flies from the bS line were more resistant to high temperature and were two times as fertile as the bF flies. These selective advantages of the bS line persisted for 20-45 generations at permissive high temperatures (29 degrees C). In the experimental population that started with a 1:1 ratio of Est-6S and Est-6F and was kept at 29 degrees C, an increase in the allele S frequency was demonstrated. Thus, the S allele of EST-6 can be considered as a part of the adaptational gene complex arising in population under high temperature conditions.

[The effect of amino acids in the asparagine family on the aspartate kinase and homoserine dehydrogenase of ethionine-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas putida]. / Vliianie aminokislot asparaginovogo semeistva na aktivnost' aspartatkinazy i gomoserindegidrogenazy étioninrezistentnykh mutantov Pseudomonas putida.

The activity of aspartate kinase and homoserin dehydrogenase from ethionine resistant mutants Pseudomonas putida 25 and 6 have been studied as affected by amino acids from the family of asparagine. They are characterized by a capacity to the surplus synthesis of methionine. It is shown that mutants have negative regulation of the level of activity of the studied enzymes. It is supposed that the mutations (or mutation) could take place which affected properties of enzymes, which participated directly in the biosynthesis of methionine, in the analogue resistant clones 25 and 6.

[Expressivity of the gene-enzymatic system and viability indicators in the ontogenesis of Drosophila inbred lines and hybrids]. / Ekspressivnost' gen-énzimnykh sistem i pokazateli zhiznesposobnosti v ontogeneze inbrednykh linii i gibridov drozofily.

The activity, physico-chemical properties and multiple molecular forms of enzymes (alcohol dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, nonspecific alpha- and beta-esterases, hydroxide peptidohydrolase) were studied in ontogenesis of Drosophila inbred lines and their hybrids under conditions of high temperature (37-41 degrees C) and the presence in food of 10% ethanol. It was established that resistance of individuals to the effect of high temperature and alcohol, including manifestation of adaptive heterosis in hybrids not always depends on the level of the activity of enzymes analysed and is rather determined by allelic state of the appropriate structural genes. So, in conditions of the alcohol stress the individuals containing highly active F form of alcohol dehydrogenase have selective advantage and flie with hybrid F/S enzyme of higher activity and heat stability are more stable to the effect of high temperature. It is supposed that the complexes of adaptation genes (CGA) are formed in individuals of populations in response to the regular action of unfavourable environmental factors. These complexes condition optimal allelic control and most efficient regulation of enzyme activity in environment. Genotypic adaptation of individuals as well as occurrence of adaptive heterosis in hybrids seem likely to be connected with formation of CGA.

[Alcohol dehydrogenase and adaptation to ethanol in Drosophila]. / Alkogol'degidrogenaza i adaptatsiia k étanolu u drozofily.

The subject of this research is activity and allozyme spectra of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and survival of mutant strains of Drosophila kept in standard nutrient medium with added ethanol. In all experiments the ADH of flies revealed greater affinity to isopropanol than ethanol. The mutant strains considerably differed from one another and from the wild type of flies in the level of enzyme activity, which may be connected with genotypic properties in the mutants studied. The ADH variability in mutant strains seems to be caused by different alleles of the structural ADH gene, which was established as a result of investigation of activity, electrophoretic mobility and thermostability of corresponding allozymes. As follows from experiments on the genotypical structure of populations in the conditions of fly selection in the medium containing ethanol (10%), the adaptation of flies to exogenous ethanol takes place via mechanisms of allele control of the ADH activity. Phenotypical manifestation of the ADH locus and its effect on the resistance of Drosophila to alcohol are supposed to depend on complex gene interactions determined by the genotype as a whole.

[The SOS-like reactions of Pseudomonas putida]. / SOS-podobnye reaktsii u Pseudomonas putida.

Under ultraviolet radiation of Pseudomonas putida 1087 the SOS-similar response which is expressed in the inhibition of cell respiration and cell division with the following filamentation is revealed. In the result of introduction of pPE24 and pMH21 plasmids into the cells of P. putida 1087 for inhibition of RecA-similar protein the SOS-similar response disappears and the basic cell mass dies.