ABSTRACT
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha (CaMKIIalpha) is an essential mediator of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity that possesses multiple protein functions. So far, the autophosphorylation site-mutant mice targeted at T286 and at T305/306 have demonstrated the importance of the autonomous activity and Ca2+/calmodulin-binding capacity of CaMKIIalpha, respectively, in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and hippocampus-dependent learning. However, kinase activity of CaMKIIalpha, the most essential enzymatic function, has not been genetically dissected yet. Here, we generated a novel CaMKIIalpha knock-in mouse that completely lacks its kinase activity by introducing K42R mutation and examined the effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and behavioral learning. In homozygous CaMKIIalpha (K42R) mice, kinase activity was reduced to the same level as in CaMKIIalpha-null mice, whereas CaMKII protein expression was well preserved. Tetanic stimulation failed to induce not only LTP but also sustained dendritic spine enlargement, a structural basis for LTP, at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse, whereas activity-dependent postsynaptic translocation of CaMKIIalpha was preserved. In addition, CaMKIIalpha (K42R) mice showed a severe impairment in inhibitory avoidance learning, a form of memory that is dependent on the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that kinase activity of CaMKIIalpha is a common critical gate controlling structural, functional, and behavioral expression of synaptic memory.
Subject(s)
Avoidance Learning/physiology , Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism , Dendritic Spines/enzymology , Hippocampus/enzymology , Long-Term Potentiation/physiology , Neurons/enzymology , Animals , Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/genetics , Cells, Cultured , Dendritic Spines/physiology , Dendritic Spines/ultrastructure , Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/physiology , Female , Gene Knock-In Techniques , Hippocampus/physiology , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Mice, Transgenic , Mutation, Missense , Neuronal Plasticity/physiology , Neurons/physiology , Synapses/enzymology , Synapses/physiologyABSTRACT
The sequence requirement of the ACGT-containing abscisic acid response element (ABRE) was analyzed by systematically substituting the bases surrounding the ACGT-core of motif A, the principal ABRE of the rice gene, OSEM: This was done within the context of a 55-bp promoter fragment that minimally confers ABA-responsiveness to a heterologous promoter. Based on this analysis, the sequence requirement of the ACGT-containing ABRE was determined as ACGTG G/T C, which matched very well with the consensus derived from sequence comparison of ABA-responsive promoters.
