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1.
Nutr Hosp ; 33(4): 372, 2016 Jul 19.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27571650

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: In 2012, the Mexican National Health Survey showed a moderate prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency, around 16%, in a national representative sample of children. A decreasing prevalence of anemia during the last 15 years has been observed in Mexico. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of vitamin D in children 3-8 years old in four different locations within the metropolitan area of Mexico City and to compare them to levels of iron and zinc as references of nutritional status. METHODS: One hundred and seventeen healthy children aged 3-8 years attending four hospitals in Mexico City were invited to participate. All children received medical and nutritional evaluation, and blood samples were obtained. RESULTS: Children were selected in the four hospitals between April and August 2008. More than half (51.3%) were boys; their average age was 5.5 ± 1.6 years. The mean height and weight of the children were 112.1 ± 11.2 cm and 20.2 ± 4.9 kg respectively, with a body mass index [BMI] of 15.8 ± 1.7 kg/m². The mean Z-score (BMI) was 0.007 ± 0.999. The prevalence of subjects with deficient levels of 25-OH-vitamin D (<50 nmol/l) was 24.77%. None of the children had haemoglobin levels below the anaemia threshold, and zinc determination revealed 8.26% of individuals with deficient levels (<65 µg/dL). These data confirm the findings reported in the latest National Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2012) about the sustained reduction of anaemia prevalence among preschool and schoolchildren since 1999 and the rising rates of vitamin D deficiency in the same population. Similar to other studies, we found a link between socioeconomic status and the deficiency of micronutrients, these being markers of better nutrition, and vitamin D is remarkably related to the quality of the diet. This finding has not been considered in our population before. CONCLUSIONS: There is evidence of a sustained decrease of anaemia in Mexican children due to general enrichment of foods and focus on vulnerable populations, while vitamin D deficiency seems to have increased. More studies are needed to obtain more information on vitamin D levels at different ages and definition of susceptible groups in order to investigate the possibility of general population measures such as enrichment, which have proven to be effective.


Subject(s)
Iron Deficiencies , Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology , Anemia/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology
2.
Nutr. hosp ; 33(4): 794-800, jul.-ago. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-154902

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In 2012, the Mexican National Health Survey (ENSANUT 2012) showed a moderate prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency, around 16%, in a national representative sample of children. A decreasing prevalence of anemia during the last 15 years has been observed in Mexico. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of vitamin D in children 3-8 years old in four different locations within the metropolitan area of Mexico City and to compare them to levels of iron and zinc as references of nutritional status. Methods: One hundred and seventeen healthy children aged 3-8 years attending four hospitals in Mexico City were invited to participate. All children received medical and nutritional evaluation, and blood samples were obtained. Results: Children were selected in four hospitals between April and August 2008. More than half (51.3%) were boys; their average age was 5.5 ± 1.6 years. The prevalence of subjects with deficient levels of 25-OH-vitamin D (< 50 nmol/L) was 24.77%. None of the children had haemoglobin levels below the anaemia threshold, and zinc determination revealed 8.26% of individuals with deficient levels (< 65 μg/dL). These data confirm the findings reported in ENSANUT about the sustained reduction of anaemia prevalence among preschool and schoolchildren and the rising rates of vitamin D deficiency in the same population. Similar to other studies, we found a link between socioeconomic status and micronutrient deficiency, these being markers of better nutrition, and vitamin D is remarkably related to the quality of the diet. This finding has not been considered in our population before. Conclusions: There is evidence of a sustained decrease of anaemia in Mexican children due to general enrichment of foods and focus on vulnerable populations, while vitamin D deficiency seems to have increased. More studies are needed to obtain more information on vitamin D levels at different ages and definition of susceptible groups in order to investigate the possibility of general population measures such as enrichment, which have proven to be effective (AU)


Introducción: en 2012 la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (ENSANUT) mostró una prevalencia moderada de deficiencia de vitamina D, alrededor del 16%, en una muestra de niños representativa del país. A su vez, la anemia carencial ha disminuido durante los últimos 15 años en México. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar los niveles de vitamina D en niños de 3 a 8 años de edad en cuatro diferentes regiones dentro del área metropolitana de la Ciudad de México y compararlos con los niveles de hierro y zinc como referentes del estado nutricional. Métodos: ciento diecisiete niños sanos de 3 a 8 años de edad que regularmente asisten a cuatro diferentes hospitales en la Ciudad de México fueron invitados a participar. Todos los niños recibieron una evaluación médica y nutricional, y se obtuvieron muestras de sangre. Resultados: se reclutaron niños en los cuatro hospitales entre abril y agosto del 2008. Más de la mitad (51,3% fueron niños, su edad promedio fue de 5,5 ± 1,6 años. La prevalencia de sujetos con niveles deficientes de 25-OH-vitamina D (< 50 nmol/l) fue de 24,77%. Ninguno de los niños tuvo niveles de hemoglobina por debajo del umbral de la anemia y la determinación de zinc reveló que 8,26% de los individuos tenían niveles deficientes (< 65 μg/dl). Estos datos confirman los hallazgos reportados en el ENSANUT acerca de la reducción sostenida en la prevalencia de anemia en escolares y preescolares, pero también muestran que se eleva la de deficiencia de vitamina D en esta población. De forma similar a otros estudios, encontramos un vínculo entre el estatus socioeconómico y la deficiencia de micronutrimentos en tanto que estos son marcadores de mejor estado nutricional y la vitamina D se relaciona notablemente con la calidad de la dieta. Estos hallazgos no se han considerado previamente en nuestra población. Conclusiones: existen datos que sugieren una disminución progresiva de la anemia en niños mexicanos debido a una fortificación general de los alimentos y el enfoque en población vulnerable, mientras que la deficiencia de vitamina D parece haber incrementado. Se requieren más estudios para obtener más información acerca de los niveles de vitamina D en distintos grupos de edad y definir a los grupos susceptibles para investigar la posibilidad de llevar a cabo medidas de impacto en la población general como enriquecimiento de alimentos, que ha probado ser efectiva en otros nutrimentos (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Vitamin D Deficiency/diet therapy , Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology , Anemia/complications , Anemia/diet therapy , Nutritional Status/physiology , Micronutrients/analysis , Micronutrients/therapeutic use , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Cross-Sectional Studies/standards , Nutrition Surveys/instrumentation , Nutrition Surveys/methods , Nutrition Surveys
3.
Bol. méd. Hosp. Infant. Méx ; 72(4): 257-261, jul.-ago. 2015. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-781239

ABSTRACT

ResumenIntroducción:Se ha mencionado que tener un familiar directo con enfermedad renal es un factor de riesgo para el padecimiento. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de enfermedad renal temprana en niños familiares de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica terminal (ERCT).Métodos:Se realizó un estudio de tamiz en niños aparentemente sanos, familiares en primer o segundo grado de pacientes con ERCT en programa reemplazo renal (hemodiálisis o trasplante renal). Previa firma de consentimiento informado se realizó el examen físico completo. Se tomó una muestra de sangre para la determinación de creatinina y electrolitos séricos, así como examen general de orina.Resultado:Se incluyeron 45 sujetos, mediana de edad 9.6 años, 24 (53%) fueron varones. Se encontraron alteraciones urinarias/enfermedad renal en 11 niños (24.4%). La alteración urinaria más frecuente fue hematuria, encontrada en seis sujetos, seguida de microalbuminuria, encontrada en cuatro. Siete estaban en estadio 2 de enfermedad renal y cuatro en estadio 1.Conclusiones: El estudio de los familiares de pacientes en terapia sustitutiva renal permite identificar individuos con etapas tempranas de enfermedad renal.


AbstractBackground:Having a first- or second-degree relative with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been reported as a risk factor for CKD development. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of CKD in children with a first- or second-degree relative undergoing renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis or renal transplant).Methods:A screening study was performed in asymptomatic children with a family history of CKD in a first- or second-degree relative undergoing renal replacement therapy. Informed consent was obtained in all cases. A clinical examination was performed. Blood and urine samples were obtained for serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, urinalysis, and microalbumin/creatinine ratio.Results:There were 45 subjects included with a median age of 9.6 years; 24 (53%) were male. Urinary abnormality/CKD was observed in 11 subjects (24.4%). The most common urinary abnormalities were hematuria (6/11) and microalbuminuria (4/11). Stage 2 CKD was found in seven subjects and four subjects with stage 1 CKD.Conclusions:The study of families of patients undergoing renal replacement therapy is useful to identify children in early stages of kidney disease.

4.
Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex ; 72(4): 257-261, 2015.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29421145

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Having a first- or second-degree relative with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been reported as a risk factor for CKD development. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of CKD in children with a first- or second-degree relative undergoing renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis or renal transplant). METHODS: A screening study was performed in asymptomatic children with a family history of CKD in a first- or second-degree relative undergoing renal replacement therapy. Informed consent was obtained in all cases. A clinical examination was performed. Blood and urine samples were obtained for serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, urinalysis, and microalbumin/creatinine ratio. RESULTS: There were 45 subjects included with a median age of 9.6 years; 24 (53%) were male. Urinary abnormality/CKD was observed in 11 subjects (24.4%). The most common urinary abnormalities were hematuria (6/11) and microalbuminuria (4/11). Stage 2 CKD was found in seven subjects and four subjects with stage 1 CKD. CONCLUSIONS: The study of families of patients undergoing renal replacement therapy is useful to identify children in early stages of kidney disease.

5.
Bol. méd. Hosp. Infant. Méx ; 70(3): 216-221, may.-jun. 2013. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-701240

ABSTRACT

Introducción. En México, la epidemiología del estado nutricional en pediatría ha cambiado. Actualmente, este estado se aprecia mejor cuando los pacientes ingresan a las unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, de noviembre de 2002 a diciembre de 2007, en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica (UTIP) del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Se registraron los datos de la antropometría de los niños a su ingreso a la UTIP. Se calculó el estado nutricional por puntaje Z de índice de masa corporal en <2 años de edad, de acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y de 2 a 18 años, de acuerdo con los Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades. Resultados. Las prevalencias para desnutrición, riesgo de desnutrición, sobrepeso y obesidad para los <2 años de edad fueron de 36.2%, 24.1%, 4.6% y 4.9%, respectivamente, y para los preescolares 24.2%, 22.1%, 9.2% y 7.6%, respectivamente. En escolares, los porcentajes resultaron de 16.1% para desnutrición, 16.8% riesgo de desnutrición, 16.1% sobrepeso y 5.8% obesidad. En adolescentes, 16.2%, 16.9%, 15.6% y 2.1%, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las enfermedades de riesgo, como la desnutrición, continúan presentes en los niños que ingresan a las unidades de terapia intensiva pediátrica. Sin embargo, otras enfermedades emergentes, como el sobrepeso y la obesidad, presentan una frecuencia alta. Esto muestra que el panorama epidemiológico de niños con enfermedades graves no es muy distinto al de la población general.


Background. In Mexico the epidemiology of the nutritional status of pediatric patients has changed. Currently, nutritional diseases are better appreciated when patients are admitted to the pediatric intensive care units. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted from November 2002 to December 2007 in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. We recorded anthropometric data of children upon admission to the PICU. Nutritional status was calculated according to Z-score of body mass index in children <2 years of age according to the World Health Organization and in children 2-18 years of age according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results. Prevalence of malnutrition, risk of malnutrition, overweight and obesity for children <2 years of age was 36.2%, 24.1%, 4.6% y 4.9%, respectively, and for preschool-age children was 24.2%, 22.1%, 9.2% and 7.6%, respectively. For school-age children, the percentages were 16.1% for malnutrition, 16.8% risk for malnutrition, 16.1% overweight, and 5.8% for obesity. In adolescents these values were 16.2%, 16.9%, 15.6% and 2.1%, respectively, for malnutrition, risk of malnutrition, overweight and obesity. Conclusions. Risk for diseases such as malnutrition continues to be present in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units. However, other emerging diseases such as overweight and obesity have a high frequency. This shows that the epidemiological situation of children with serious illnesses is not very different from the general population.

6.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 141(4): 283-290, jul.-ago. 2005. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632079

ABSTRACT

La práctica de inicio de la alimentación enteral es realizada lentamente y varía entre las unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal (UCIN). El objetivo del estudio fue documentar las prácticas en la alimentación enteral del recién nacido de pretérmino y de término postulando que éstas variarían entre instituciones en México. Material y métodos: Se realizó una encuesta en forma abierta anónima a médicos de diferentes UCIN del área metropolitana y estados circunvecinos. La encuesta, adaptada de la Vermont Oxford Neonatal Network, contenía 290 preguntas: inicio, progresión, métodos, tipo y suplementación de la alimentación neonatal. Las respuestas fueron de acuerdo al grupo de peso, considerando a neonatos de peso extremadamente bajo (menores de 999 g), muy bajo (1000 a 1499 g) y bajo (1500 a 2499 g). Resultados: Se realizaron 116 encuestas a 86 médicos adscritos y a 30 residentes de Neonatología en 17 hospitales con UCIN Nivel II o Nivel III. Las formas, métodos y prácticas de introducir, aumentar, modificar o suspender la alimentación neonatal tuvieron mucha variación en el recién nacido pretérmino y de término con peso bajo. Sin embargo, existió una mayor uniformidad en los criterios al tratarse de neonatos de extremadamente peso bajo o en casos de neonatos con problemas graves como asfixia al nacer, requerir de apoyo ventilatorio, con apnea importante, hipotensión arterial o con datos clínicos abdominales anormales. Las formas, métodos y prácticas de introducir, aumentar, modificar o suspender la alimentación neonatal tuvieron mucha variación. Conclusiones: Se requiere unificar los criterios de alimentación en las instituciones sobre todo en los aspectos que en la actualidad se han definido como los mejores.


Nutritional practices vary dramatically among neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in other countries. In many hospitals, nutrition is introduced gradually over the first weeks of life because the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis or nutrient intolerance is considered inevitable. Enteral nutrition practices among premature and near term infants with low birth weight were investigated. We hypothetized these practices would be very different among facilities and among staff at these same facilities. Methods: We carried out a survey in public and private neonatal care units in urban and peri urban areas of Mexico City. An adapted version of the Vermont Oxford Neonatal Network was administered. We included 290 questions on practices, initiation, progression, methods, type and cessation of feedings. We also included milk feeds supplementation and written protocols. Results: 116 surveys were administered in seventeen second and tertiary care facilities to 86 neonatologists and 30 neonatology residents. Conclusion: We found great variability in progression, methods, type, suspension and supplementation among NICU and among staff. There is an urgent need to standardize nutritional criteria among physicians and medical facilities.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Enteral Nutrition , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Intensive Care Units, Neonatal , Age Factors , Apgar Score , Data Collection , Enteral Nutrition/standards , Infant, Low Birth Weight , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/standards , Mexico , Surveys and Questionnaires , Time Factors
7.
Gac Med Mex ; 141(1): 1-5, 2005.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15754744

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: The majority of preterm formulas have included long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAS) for the relationship with visual and cognoscitive brain development. This work tried to probe the tolerance and acceptability of a preterm formula from the point of view of palatability for the LCPUFAs origin. METHODS: Infants under 37 weeks of gestational age at birth and birth weight below 2,500g with the possibility of being fed by suction and not receiving breast milk were included. Using a scale modified from "Pain Analog Scale," the nurse who was feeding the infant had to qualify the baby's facial expression at these moments. RESULTS: 50 infants with age 37.2 +/- days of life at least receiving the formula for 3 complete days were included. Ninety percent of them had weight gain each day and the third day was the most. There were no problems in number and frequency of stools. Thus, 782 evaluations by the nurses were made (15 for each patient); 66.8% of the time the infants accepted the formula with no problem; 21.1% were satisfactory; 3.7% were very satisfactory. Also, 91.8% of the nurses declared their satisfaction with the formula, and in 4 cases they declared dissatisfaction. They attributed it to the patient's pathology.


Subject(s)
Consumer Behavior , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , Infant Formula , Infant, Premature , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Surveys and Questionnaires
8.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 141(1): 1-5, ene.-feb. 2005. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-632098

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la mayoría de las fórmulas para prematuros ha sido adicionada de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (LCPUFAS) por su relación con el desarrollo visual y cognoscitivo del cerebro. El objetivo del trabajo fue probar la tolerancia y aceptabilidad de una fórmula de prematuros adicionada de LCPUFAS desde el punto de vista de la aceptabilidad, paleatibilidad, tolerancia y por el origen de los mismos. Material y métodos: pacientes que hubiesen tenido menos de 37 semanas de gestación y un peso al nacer menor a 2,500 g. con la posibilidad de ser alimentados por vía bucal a través de succión por al menos 3 días completos y que no recibieran seno materno por indicación médica. Se usó la escala modificada de la "Escala analógica del dolor " se solicitó a la enfermera que alimentaba al neonato que calificara la expresión facial al momento de darle la fórmula. Resultados: se incluyeron 50 pacientes con una edad de vida de 37.8 ± 18.6 días. Tuvo ganancia de peso ponderal por día 90% de ellos, siendo más importante al tercer día, no hubo problemas en cuanto a la frecuencia y número de evacuaciones. Se realizaron 782 evaluaciones (15 promedio por paciente) encontrando que en 66.8% de las veces los neonatos aceptaron la fórmula sin problema, 21.1% la aceptaron con satisfacción y un 3.7% con gran satisfacción. El 91.8% de los alimentadores se declararon satisfechos con la fórmula y en cuatro casos en los que declararon insatisfacción, ésta la relacionaron con la patología de base del paciente. Conclusiones: las fórmulas adicionadas con PUF AS presentan tolerancia, aceptabilidad y paleatibilidad adecuadas para el neonato.


Introduction: The majority of preterm formulas have included long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAS) for the relationship with visual and cognoscitive brain development. This work tried to probe the tolerance and acceptability of a preterm formula from the point of view of palatability for the LCPUFAs origin. Methods: Infants under 37 weeks of gestational age at birth and birth weight below 2,500g with the possibility of being fed by suction and not receiving breast milk were included. Using a scale modified from "Pain Analog Scale, " the nurse who was feeding the infant had to qualify the baby's facial expression at these moments. Results: 50 infants with age 37.2 ± days of life at least receiving the formula for 3 complete days were included. Ninety percent of them had weight gain each day and the third day was the most. There were no problems in number and frequency of stools. Thus, 782 evaluations by the nurses were made (15 for each patient); 66.8% of the time the infants accepted the formula with no problem; 21.1% were satisfactory; 3.7% were very satisfactory. Also, 91.8% of the nurses declared their satisfaction with the formula, and in 4 cases they declared dissatisfaction. They attributed it to the patient's pathology.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Consumer Behavior , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , Infant Formula , Infant, Premature , Surveys and Questionnaires
9.
Perinatol. reprod. hum ; 4(4): 137-46, oct.-dic. 1990. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-102379

ABSTRACT

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer el perfil de la mujer primípara en riesgo de no iniciar o abandonar tempranamente la lactancia, bajo la influencia de las prácticas hospitalarias, el control prenatal y la educación en salud. A partir de un banco de datos creado por tres estudios longitudinales-prospectivos en mujeres captadas desde el embarazo hasta los 6 meses postparto. El proceso utilizado fue análisis categórico multivariado. Los modelos categóricos para 907 primíparas mostraron que cuando las mujeres y sus compañeros presentan escolaridades < = a 9 años, la mujer trabaje fuera del hogar, desea alimentar con fórmula a su nuevo hijo, es soltera, además de atenderse en instituciones que no promueben la lactancia, así como no asistir a cursos de educación en salud durante el embarazo; lleva que la lactancia se establezca por abajo del 20%, porque las mujeres con este perfil, reuniendo dos o más de las características anteriores, inicia la introducción de sucedáneos antes de los 15 días de vida del niño.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Infant , Female , Breast Feeding , Breast-Milk Substitutes , Socioeconomic Factors
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