Morphometric analysis on T1-weighted MRI complements visual MRI review in focal cortical dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a common pathology in focal drug resistant epilepsy (DRE). Voxel based morphometric MRI analysis has been proposed as an adjunct to visual detection of FCD, which remains challenging given the subtle radiographic appearance of FCD. This study evaluates the diagnostic value of morphometric analysis program (MAP) in focal DRE with pathology-confirmed FCD. METHODS: Automated morphometric analysis program analysis generated z-score maps derived from T1 images, referenced to healthy adult or pediatric controls for each of 39 cases with pathology-confirmed FCD. MAP identified abnormal extension of gray matter into white matter (MAP-E) and blurring of the gray-white matter junction (MAP-J), independently of clinical data and other imaging modalities. MRI was visually reviewed by neuroradiologists as part of usual clinical care, and independently re-reviewed retrospectively by a neuroradiologist with >10-years' experience in epilepsy MRI. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for MRI, MAP, scalp-EEG, PET and SISCOM compared to resection area (RA). RESULTS: In this cohort of 39 histologically proven FCD cases, the sensitivity and specificity of MAP-J [64% (95% CI 48%-77%) and 96% (95% CI 93%-0.98%)] and MAP-E [74% (95% CI 59%-86%) and 94% (95% CI 91%-97%)] were higher than qualitative MRI review, SISCOM, and FDG-PET. Initial MRI review detected FCD in 17, expert review identified 26. Among cases not detected by initial MRI review, MAP-J correctly identified FCD in 12 additional cases and MAP-E in 13 cases. Among cases not detected by expert MRI review, MAP-J correctly identified 6 and MAP-E 8 cases. Excellent surgical outcome was achieved in 76% of patients. SIGNIFICANCE: MAP showed favorable sensitivity compared to visual inspection and other non-invasive imaging modalities. MAP complements non-invasive imaging evaluation for detection of FCD in focal DRE patients.

Electroencephalography Predicts Poor and Good Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest: A Two-Center Study.

OBJECTIVE: The prognostic role of electroencephalography during and after targeted temperature management in postcardiac arrest patients, relatively to other predictors, is incompletely known. We assessed performances of electroencephalography during and after targeted temperature management toward good and poor outcomes, along with other recognized predictors. DESIGN: Cohort study (April 2009 to March 2016). SETTING: Two academic hospitals (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN). PATIENTS: Consecutive comatose adults admitted after cardiac arrest, identified through prospective registries. INTERVENTIONS: All patients were managed with targeted temperature management, receiving prespecified standardized clinical, neurophysiologic (particularly, electroencephalography during and after targeted temperature management), and biochemical evaluations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We assessed electroencephalography variables (reactivity, continuity, epileptiform features, and prespecified "benign" or "highly malignant" patterns based on the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society nomenclature) and other clinical, neurophysiologic (somatosensory-evoked potential), and biochemical prognosticators. Good outcome (Cerebral Performance Categories 1 and 2) and mortality predictions at 3 months were calculated. Among 357 patients, early electroencephalography reactivity and continuity and flexor or better motor reaction had greater than 70% positive predictive value for good outcome; reactivity (80.4%; 95% CI, 75.9-84.4%) and motor response (80.1%; 95% CI, 75.6-84.1%) had highest accuracy. Early benign electroencephalography heralded good outcome in 86.2% (95% CI, 79.8-91.1%). False positive rates for mortality were less than 5% for epileptiform or nonreactive early electroencephalography, nonreactive late electroencephalography, absent somatosensory-evoked potential, absent pupillary or corneal reflexes, presence of myoclonus, and neuron-specific enolase greater than 75 µg/L; accuracy was highest for early electroencephalography reactivity (86.6%; 95% CI, 82.6-90.0). Early highly malignant electroencephalography had an false positive rate of 1.5% with accuracy of 85.7% (95% CI, 81.7-89.2%). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides class III evidence that electroencephalography reactivity predicts both poor and good outcomes, and motor reaction good outcome after cardiac arrest. Electroencephalography reactivity seems to be the best discriminator between good and poor outcomes. Standardized electroencephalography interpretation seems to predict both conditions during and after targeted temperature management.

Patient and caregiver view on seizure detection devices: A survey study.

PURPOSE: Seizure detection devices (SDD) may reduce the potential for seizure-related injury, SUDEP or status epilepticus. We performed a survey of persons with epilepsy (PWE) and caregivers to assess their perspectives regarding the features and priorities that should be considered in the design of these devices. METHODS: PWE/caregiver completed a survey which assessed the worry of undetected seizures, the impact of this concern on diurnal functioning/sleep and the level of interest in using SDD. Furthermore, questions regarding acceptable rates of false positive (FP)/negative (FN) alarms, acceptable time to generate an alarm and insurance coverage were asked. RESULTS: 92 surveys were completed. Respondents expressed significant worry of undetected seizures. The impact of this concern on sleep and diurnal functioning was moderate. There is significant interest in using SDDs. Most would use SDD constantly. The acceptable FP-FN rate should be ≤25%. The time until caregivers are alerted should be ≤1min. Regarding affordability, the majority would not use SDD unless covered by insurance and a few would use if not covered but affordable. CONCLUSIONS: The concern of undetected seizures is high among PWE and caregivers. Most expressed a high interest in using SDDs. Accuracy and affordability were key.